Nanoteknologi dalam Nutrisi Ikan: Tinjauan Sistematis Penggunaan Selenium Nanopartikel sebagai Suplemen Mikronutrien pada Pakan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31629/marinade.v9i01.8247Keywords:
Akuakultur, Ketersediaan Hayati, Mikronutrien, Pakan Ikan, Respon Imun, Selenium NanopartikelAbstract
Selenium (Se) merupakan mikronutrien esensial dalam nutrisi ikan yang berperan dalam pertahanan antioksidan, regulasi sistem imun, fungsi metabolisme, dan peningkatan performa pertumbuhan. Namun, sumber selenium konvensional, baik dalam bentuk anorganik maupun organik, memiliki keterbatasan terkait bioavailabilitas, rentang dosis aman yang sempit, serta potensi toksisitas pada dosis berlebih. Perkembangan nanoteknologi telah memperkenalkan nanopartikel selenium atau selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) sebagai alternatif suplemen pakan yang menjanjikan karena ukuran partikelnya yang kecil, luas permukaan yang tinggi, dan aktivitas biologis yang lebih baik. Kajian sistematis ini bertujuan mengevaluasi peran SeNPs dalam pakan ikan serta pengaruhnya terhadap performa pertumbuhan, status antioksidan, bioavailabilitas, kualitas daging, dan risiko toksisitas pada spesies akuakultur. Kajian dilakukan dengan pendekatan PRISMA melalui analisis artikel ilmiah bereputasi yang diterbitkan pada periode 2015–2025. Studi yang dianalisis terutama mencakup penelitian in vivo pada berbagai spesies ikan budidaya. Hasil sintesis menunjukkan bahwa suplementasi SeNPs pada dosis rendah hingga sedang meningkatkan laju pertumbuhan spesifik, efisiensi konversi pakan, aktivitas enzim antioksidan seperti GPx, SOD, dan CAT, serta ketahanan terhadap stres oksidatif dan infeksi patogen. Selain itu, SeNPs meningkatkan retensi selenium pada jaringan otot, profil protein, stabilitas oksidatif lipid, dan preservasi asam lemak tak jenuh ganda. Dibandingkan dengan sumber selenium konvensional, SeNPs umumnya menunjukkan bioavailabilitas yang lebih tinggi. Namun, gejala toksisitas dilaporkan pada dosis berlebih, sehingga standardisasi ukuran partikel, formulasi dosis, dan evaluasi keamanan jangka panjang diperlukan sebelum aplikasi komersial skala luas.
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