Securitization of Coastal Defense in The Delta Works Projects: Lesson learned for Indonesia

Authors

  • Maria Chris Lievonne Republic of Indonesia Defense University
  • Fauzia Gustarina Cempaka Timur
  • Dr. Muhammad Hadianto

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31629/kemudi.v9i2.7072

Keywords:

Defense, Delta Works, Indonesia

Abstract

The phenomenon of sea level rise, attributable to climate change, poses a significant threat to island nations and coastal regions, including Indonesia. Jakarta, a metropolitan area with a population of 10.684.946, is projected to experience substantial flooding, with estimates indicating that by 2050, one-third of the city may be submerged. In response to this impending threat, the Indonesian government has initiated developments in coastal defense. To identify appropriate measures for Indonesia, it is essential to reference the experiences of other nations, notably the Netherlands. The Netherlands was selected due to its extensive experience in coastal defense, particularly through its Delta program. The success of this initiative commenced in 1953 following a catastrophic flood that resulted in significant loss of life and property. The Delta Works project, which was undertaken as the initial response, engaged all societal levels and aimed to safeguard coastal areas and regions below sea level from future flooding incidents. This research employs qualitative methodologies and literature techniques, presenting findings in a descriptively narrative format through the lens of securitization theory. The objective of this study is to elucidate the Dutch measures in implementing the Delta program, with a specific focus on the Delta Works, and to extract lessons applicable to Indonesia, particularly within the Jakarta region, from the successful development of coastal defense initiatives. The findings indicate that the Netherlands established a national defense framework through the institutions of the Delta program. Key elements necessary for the success of coastal defense projects include community involvement, transparency, and a commitment to long-term engagement in the implementation of these initiatives.

References

Ariadi, H. (2023). Dinamika Wilayah Pesisir (Pertama). UB Press.

Asari, N., Suratman, M. N., Mohd Ayob, N. A., & Abdul Hamid, N. H. (2021). Mangrove as a Natural Barrier to Environmental Risks and Coastal Protection. In Mangroves: Ecology, Biodiversity and Management (pp. 305–322). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2494-0_13

BPS Provinsi DKI Jakarta. (2024). Provinsi DKI Jakarta dalam Angka (T. Parwati, Ed.; Vol. 54). BPS Provinsi DKI Jakarta.

Britannica, T. (2022). Delta Works. In The Editors of Encyclopaedia (Ed.), Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Delta-Works

Burchill, S., Linklater, A., Donnelly, J., Nardin, T., Paterson, M., Reus-Smit, C., Saramago, A., Haastrup, T., & Sajed, A. (2022). Theories of international relations. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Chairani, C., Agustina, P. P. S., & Budiharto, W. I. (2024). Adaptasi masyarakat pesisir Jakarta Utara terhadap fenomena penurunan muka tanah dan banjir rob. Gender, Human Development, and Economics, 1(1), 28–40. https://doi.org/10.61511/ghde.v1i1.2024.591

Dickinson, D. (2024, August 26). What is sea level rise and why does it matter to our future? UN News. https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/08/1153596

Disco, N., & Toussaint, B. (2014). From Projects to Systems: the Emergence of a National Hydraulic Technocracy, 1900–1970. In J. Lonnquest, B. Toussaint, J. Manous Jr., & M. Ertsen (Eds.), Two Centuries of Experience in Water Resources Management A Dutch-U.S. Retrospective (pp. 155–204). Institute for Water Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Rijkswaterstaat, Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment.

Eroukhmanoff, C. (2017). Securitisation Theory. In S. Mcglinchey, R. Walters, & C. Scheinpflug (Eds.), International Relations Theory. E-InternationalRelations. https://www.e-ir.info/publication/international-relations-theory/#google_vignette

Fahmi, M., Pitojo Tri Juwono, & Muhammad Amar Sajali. (2024). Studi Manajemen Konstruksi Proyek Pembangunan Tanggul National Capital Integrated Coastal Development (NCICD) Kali Adem. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air, 4(1), 912–918. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtresda.2024.004.01.077

Goemans, T., & Visser, T. (1987). The delta project. Technology in Society, 9(1), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-791X(87)90034-0

Goorden, M., de Mortel-Fronczak, J. van, van Eldik, K., Fokkink, W., & Rooda, J. (2022). Lessons learned in the application of formal methods to the design of a storm surge barrier control system∗. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 55(28), 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.10.329

Haasnoot, M., Kwadijk, J., van Alphen, J., Le Bars, D., van den Hurk, B., Diermanse, F., van der Spek, A., Essink, G. O., Delsman, J., & Mens, M. (2020). Adaptation to uncertain sea-level rise; how uncertainty in Antarctic mass-loss impacts the coastal adaptation strategy of the Netherlands. Environmental Research Letters, 15(3), 034007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab666c

Holland - Land of water. (2024). MAESLANTKERING. Hollandlandofwater.Com. https://www.hollandlandofwater.com/maeslantkering/

jakarta.go.id. (2024). Tentang Jakarta. Jakarta.Go.Id. https://www.jakarta.go.id/tentang-jakarta#:~:text=Provinsi%20DKI%20Jakarta%20terbagi%20menjadi,keseluruhan%20wilayah%20662%2C33%20km%C2%B2.

Karlitos Yk. (2019, April). Pengertian dan Terbentuknya Delta Oleh Para Ahli. SCRIBD. https://www.scribd.com/document/404368680/Pengertian-dan-Terbentuknya-Delta-Oleh-Para-Ahli-docx?_gl=1*14u9f8h*_gcl_au*MjQ0MTczMjE0LjE3Mjk2NzQxMjA.

Keller, K. (2023). Mussels and Megaprojects. Social Anthropology/Anthropologie Sociale, 31(4), 76–94. https://doi.org/10.3167/saas.2023.310406

Komite Percepatan Penyediaan Infrastruktur Prioritas. (n.d.). National Capital Integrated Coastal Development (NCICD) Phase A. Kppip. Retrieved October 14, 2024, from https://kppip.go.id/en/priority-projects/water-sanitation/national-capital-integrated-coastal-development-ncicd-phase-a/

Mathews, J. T. (1989). Redefining Security. Foreign Affairs, 68(2), 162. https://doi.org/10.2307/20043906

Middendorp, H. (2020, October 13). Johan van Veen (1893-1959) – Father of the Delta Plan, Europoort and Eemshaven. Historiek. https://historiek.net/johan-van-veen-deltaplan-eemshaven/80699/

Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management and the Delta Programme Commissioner. (2023). Sea-level rise in the Netherlands.

National Delta Programme. (2023). 2024 Delta Programme: Now for The Future. https://english.deltaprogramma.nl/delta-programme/documents/publications/2023/09/19/delta-programme-2024-english

Nguyen, H., & Brzuska, C. (2022). An interesting use case of model checking: Storm surge barrier at Rotterdam, the Netherlands. In A. Ylä-Jääski & W. Mao (Eds.), Proceedings of the Seminar in Computer Science (CS-E4000), Fall 2022 (pp. 105–116).

Octavianti, T., & Charles, K. (2018). Disaster Capitalism? Examining the Politicisation of Land Subsidence Crisis in Pushing Jakarta’s Seawall Megaproject. Water Alternatives, 11(2), 394–420.

Octavianti, T., & Charles, K. (2019). The evolution of Jakarta’s flood policy over the past 400 years: The lock-in of infrastructural solutions. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 37(6), 1102–1125. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654418813578

Pertahanan, K. (2015). Buku Putih Pertahanan Indonesia 2015.

Pierik, H. J. (2021). Landscape changes and human–landscape interaction during the first millennium AD in the Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 100, e11. https://doi.org/10.1017/njg.2021.8

Pusvitasary, V. (2024). Greenpeace’s Role in Supporting the Government of DKI Jakarta’s Programme to Deal with Abrasion in the Northern Coastal Area of Jakarta. Budi Luhur Journal of Strategic & Global Studies, 2(2), 46–70.

Riyadi, A. (2020). Bahaya Banjir dan Cara Penanggulangannya. Alprin.

Saputra, A. H. (2023). TANGGUL LAUT SEBAGAI SOLUSI PENANGANAN BANJIR ROB DI DAERAH PESISIR JAKARTA.

Setiadi, R., Baumeister, J., & Lo, A. (2023). Floating Jakarta: A Human Dimension (pp. 139–162). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2481-3_6

Simorangkir, E. (2024, June 21). NCICD Jakarta Utara: Solusi Terpadu Menghadapi Banjir. Smart Environment. https://smartcity.jakarta.go.id/id/blog/ncicd-jakarta-utara-solusi-terpadu-menghadapi-banjir/

Statista Research Department. (2024). Total Population of the Netherlands from 1950 to 2023. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/519720/total-population-of-the-netherlands/

Sulistiyanto. (2024). Reformasi Perahanan dan Kapabilitas Perahanan Negara. In H. Z. Almubaroq (Ed.), Geodefense Konsep Pertahanan Masa Depan (Pertama, pp. 81–92). Indonesia Emas Group.

Supriyatno, M. (2014). Tentang Ilmu Pertahanan (Pertama). Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.

Suriadi, A. (2023). POTENSI KONFLIK DAN ASPEK LEGALITAS LAHAN HASIL REKLAMASI TANGGUL PANTAI DI JAKARTA POTENTIAL OF CONFLICT AND LEGAL ASPECT OF RECLAMATION OF COASTAL DIKE IN JAKARTA. Jurnal Sosek Pekerjaan Umum, 12(1).

Swapna, P., Ravichandran, M., Nidheesh, G., Jyoti, J., Sandeep, N., Deepa, J. S., & Unnikrishnan, A. S. (2020). Sea-Level Rise. In Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region (pp. 175–189). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4327-2_9

Taufan Maulana, A., & Andriansyah, A. (2024). Mitigasi Bencana di Indonesia. COMSERVA : Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Masyarakat, 3(10), 3996–4012. https://doi.org/10.59141/comserva.v3i10.1213

topographic-map, com. (n.d.-a). Jakarta topographic map. Topographic-Map,Com. Retrieved October 23, 2024, from https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-tdwf3/Special-capital-Region-of-Jakarta/?center=-6.15489%2C106.87311&zoom=12

topographic-map, com. (n.d.-b). Rotterdam topographic map. Topographic-Map,Com. Retrieved October 23, 2024, from https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-8rtx9m/Rotterdam/?center=52.20072%2C4.38354&zoom=8

van Buuren, A. (2019). The Dutch Delta Approach: The Successful Reinvention of a Policy Success. In M. E. Compton & P. ’T Hart (Eds.), Great Policy Successes (First, pp. 201–217). Oxford University Press.

van den Brink, M. (2021). Rijkswaterstaat: Guardian of the Dutch Delta. In Guardians of Public Value (pp. 237–261). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51701-4_10

van der Wulp, S. A., Dsikowitzky, L., Hesse, K. J., & Schwarzbauer, J. (2016). Master Plan Jakarta, Indonesia: The Giant Seawall and the need for structural treatment of municipal waste water. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 110(2), 686–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.048

Van Loon-Steensma, J. M., & Vellinga, P. (2019). How “wide green dikes” were reintroduced in The Netherlands: a case study of the uptake of an innovative measure in long-term strategic delta planning. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 62(9), 1525–1544. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2018.1557039

Vrijling, J. K. (2019). Floods in The Netherlands. In Changes in Flood Risk in Europe (pp. 293–303). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b12348-15

World Population Review. (2024). Rotterdam, Netherlands Population 2024. World Population Review. https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/netherlands/rotterdam

Wright, J., Flacke, J., Schmitt, J. P., Schultze, J., & Greiving, S. (2021). Comparing Climate Impact Assessments for Rural Adaptation Planning in Germany and the Netherlands. Urban Planning, 6(3), 306–320. https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i3.4269

Yusuf, F. M. (2023, October). Upaya Menghadapi Kenaikan Muka Air Laut Pada Pesisir Utara DKI Jakarta. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374530754_UPAYA_MENGHADAPI_KENAIKAN_MUKA_AIR_LAUT_PADA_PESISIR_UTARA_DKI_JAKARTA?enrichId=rgreq-87af392e5f83567308f6f09cc766db56-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM3NDUzMDc1NDtBUzoxMTQzMTI4MTE5NjU5MTg1MkAxNjk2Njk0MzA5Nzkx&el=1_x_2&_esc=publicationCoverPdf

Downloads

Published

2025-05-26

How to Cite

Securitization of Coastal Defense in The Delta Works Projects: Lesson learned for Indonesia. (2025). KEMUDI : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 9(2), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.31629/kemudi.v9i2.7072