Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea: The Role of UNODC in Combating Maritime Crime
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31629/kemudi.v8i1.6048Keywords:
UNODC, Maritime Piracy, Gulf of Guinea, Transnational Organized Crime, AfricaAbstract
The Gulf of Guinea is a center of maritime crime, which harms seafarers, shipping companies, and other countries that conduct international trade by sea. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is a United Nations organization whose role is to address international organized crime issues including ship piracy. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime has conducted various programs to combat maritime crimes around the world including in the Gulf of Guinea (Gulf of Guinea). This research uses a qualitative research method with a descriptive analysis approach and uses secondary data sourced which is obtained from written materials collected through literature studies. Through the concept of maritime security, this study analyzes the role of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in tackling piracy in the Gulf of Guinea and concludes various factors that lead to piracy, such as political, social, and economic. This research is important to understand the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime’s efforts in dealing with pirates in the Gulf of Guinea and will contribute to the treaty on combating transnational organized crime. This research highlights the role of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in combating piracy in the Gulf of Guinea. Through cooperation with several African nations, the case of piracy has been declining in the past several years. The research found that the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime’s role in dealing with piracy in the Gulf of Guinea has not been fully optimized due to several factors that cause piracy to persist, some of the factors including the political issues, lack of law integration
between the country, and non-contribution from the leaders of the pirate organization in the authorities' investigations.
References
Boot, M. (2009). Pirates, Then and Now. Foreign Affairs, August.
Denton, G. L., & Harris, J. R. (2019). Maritime Piracy, Military Capacity, and Institutions in the Gulf of Guinea. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(1), 1-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2019.1659783
Dubner, & Barry, H. (1990). Piracy in Contemporary National and International Law. California Western International Law Journal, 21(No.1, Article 8). https://scholarlycommons.law.cwsl.edu/cwilj/vol21/iss1/8
Husted, T. F. (2019). Gulf of Guinea: Recent trends in piracy and armed robbery. Key Congressional Reports on International Affairs
International Maritime Organization. (n.d.). Piracy and armed robbery against ships. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/Pages/PiracyArmedRobberydefault.asp
Jin, J., & Techera, E. (2021). Strengthening universal jurisdiction for maritime piracy trials to enhance a sustainable anti-piracy legal system for community interests. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137268
Land, C. (2007). Flying the black flag: Revolt, revolution and the social organization of piracy in the ‘golden age.’ Management and Organizational History, 2(2), 169–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744935907078726
Mandanda, D. E., & Ping, G. U. O. (2016). The Gulf of Guinea piracy: Impact and effectiveness of control measures. JL Pol'y & Globalization, 55, 105.
Greminger, T., & Al-Rodhan, N. (2022). GCSP Policy Brief No.1 Maritime Security: Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea. In Geneva Centre for Security Policy. Retrieved from: https://dam.gcsp.ch/files/doc/policy-brief-1-maritime-security?_gl=1
World Bank, “Poverty,†2018, Retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/topic/poverty (accessed May 27, 2023).
Hassan, D., & Hasan, S. (2017). Effectiveness of the current regimes to combat piracy in the Gulf of Guinea: An evaluation. African Journal of Legal Studies, 10(1), 35-65.
Fattah, M. M. A. (2017). Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea causes efforts and solutions. Head of Training Department, Regional Maritime Security Institute, AASTMT.
Ardi, V. Y., Windiani, R., & Pattipelohy, S. C. (2017). 11. Kerja Sama Economic Community Of West African States (Ecowas) dalam Menanggulangi Perompakan Maritim di Teluk Guinea Tahun 2008-2015. Journal of International Relations, 3(1), 106-114
Najoui, Z., Amoussou, N., Riazanoff, S., Aurela, G., & Frappartd, F. (2022). Oil slicks in the Gulf of Guinea–10 years of Envisat ASAR observations. Earth System Science Data Discussions, 2022, 1-19.
International Maritime Bureau [IBM] (2019) Gulf of Guinea World Piracy Hotspot. Retrieved from:https://www.icc-ccs.org/index.php/1279-seas-off-west-africa-world-s-worst-for-pirate-attacks-imb-reports
Nwalozie, C. J. (2020). Exploring contemporary sea piracy in Nigeria, the niger delta, and the Gulf of Guinea. Journal of Transportation Security, 13(3-4), 159-178.
ICC-IMB Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships ICC INTERNATIONAL MARITIME BUREAU PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS REPORT FOR THE PERIOD. (2022). In IMB Piracy Reporting Centre. Retrieved from: https://www.icc-ccs.org/reports/2022%20Annual%20IMB%20Piracy%20and%20Armed%20Robbery%20Report.pdf
Nnamani, F. V. (2022). United States Africa Command and Maritime Security in the Gulf of Guinea, 2007–2020. Journal of Contemporary International Relations and Diplomacy, 3(2), 494-511.
Suryawan, I. G. P., Ladjide, S., & Riyadi, S. F. (2021). Peran Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Laut dalam Perwujudan Good Order at Sea: Studi Kasus Alur Laut Kepulauan Indonesia II. Jurnal Selat, 8(2), 149-158.
Abudu, R. T. (2021). A Human Rights View of Maritime Piracy Law: Exploring the Gulf of Guinea. Groningen Journal of International Law, 9(1), 1-22.
Herpolsheimer, J. (2018). Transregional Conflicts and the Re-spatialization of Regions “at Seaâ€Â: The Yaoundé Process in the Gulf of Guinea. Comparativ, 28(6), 68-89.
Denton, G. L., & Harris, J. R. (2019a). The Impact of Illegal Fishing on Maritime Piracy: Evidence from West Africa. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1–20. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2019.1594660
Ofosu-Boateng, N. R. L. (2018). Piracy Challenges in the Gulf of Guinea along the Coast of Ghana, Togo, Benin, and Nigeria amid Its Oil Findâ€â€A Case Study of Ghana. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 6(07), 189.
ABOH, A. B., & AHMED, N. (2018). Understanding West Africa Maritime Security Threats: A Critical Appraisal of the Development of Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea in the Gulf of Guinea. Socialscientia: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(2).
Okafor-Yarwood, I. (2019). Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, and the complexities of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) for countries in the Gulf of Guinea. Marine Policy, 99, 414-422.
Angelita, E., & Aini, A. Q. (2021). Penerapan Yuridiksi dalam Pembajakan Kapal Kota Budi Singapura di Perairan Nigeria 2020.
Williams, P., & Vlassis, D. (Eds.). (2001). Combating transnational crime: concepts, activities, and responses. Taylor & Francis US.
Roth, M. P., & Albanese, J. (2014). Historical Overview of Transnational Crime. In P. Reichel (Ed.), Handbook of Transnational Crime and Justice (2nd ed., p. 6). SAGE Publications.
Ibrahim, S. Z. (2019). Strengths and weaknesses of the legal strategies to combat sea piracy in Nigeria. World Maritime University Dissertations, 9. https://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations/1134/
Nwalozie, C. J. (2020). Exploring Contemporary Sea Piracy in Nigeria, the Niger Delta, and the Gulf of Guinea. Journal of Transportation Security 13, 160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12198-020-00218-y
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC]. (n.d.). Maritime piracy in the Gulf of Guinea. Retrieved 16 May 2023, from https://www.unodc.org/documents/toc/Reports/TOCTAWestAfrica/West_Africa_TOC_PIRACY.pdf
Denton, G. L., & Harris, J. R. (2019). Maritime Piracy, Military Capacity, and Institutions in the Gulf of Guinea. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(1), 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2019.1659783
Bell, C., & UNODC. (2022). Pirates of the Gulf of Guinea: A Cost Analysis for Coastal States. UNODC, 1–23.
Joubert, L., & Allen, L. (2018). The State of Maritime Piracy 2018 - Assessing the Human Cost. Stable Seas.
Okafor-Yarwood, I., & Pigeon, M. (2020). Stable Seas: Gulf of Guinea. 124.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 KEMUDI : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.