pISSN : 3063-5705 | eISSN : 3063-4245 Journal of Maritime Policy Sciences, managed by the Center for Maritime Policy Governance Studies (CMPGS) Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji. Indonesia, serves as a vital platform for the dissemination of research and scholarly work in the field of maritime policy. This journal aims to foster a deeper understanding of maritime issues, promote innovative policy frameworks, and facilitate discussions that are crucial for the sustainable development of maritime resources. The journal invites contributions from researchers, policymakers, and practitioners interested in various aspects of maritime studies, including maritime governance, shipping regulations, marine environmental protection, maritime security, and the socio-economic impacts of maritime activities. Through its rigorous peer-review process, the journal ensures the publication of high-quality articles that contribute to the advancement of knowledge and best practices in maritime policy
Center for Maritime Policy and Governance Studies. Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji. Indonesia
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Financing the Missing Middle: A Systematic Review of Constraints and Solutions for SMES in Tanzania’s Blue Economy
The strategic development of the Blue Economy (BE) is central to Tanzania’s national and regional aspirations for inclusive growth and poverty reduction, with small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) constituting its operational backbone. However, the transformative potential of BE sectors fisheries, aquaculture, coastal tourism, and maritime services is critically constrained by a persistent financing gap. This systematic review synthesizes current evidence to diagnose the binding financial constraints faced by BE-SMEs in Tanzania and to evaluate viable pathways for intervention. Employing a structured methodology, the review critically analyzes peer-reviewed literature, policy documents, and institutional reports from 2006 to 2025. The synthesis identifies a consistent quartet of barriers: stringent collateral requirements underpinned by information asymmetry, elevated lender risk perceptions due to sectoral volatility and climate exposure, pervasive deficiencies in SME financial records and business planning, and cumbersome loan application procedures. Concurrently, the analysis surfaces converging opportunity domains, including the adaptation of group-based and credit-guarantee mechanisms, the deployment of digital and alternative data for risk assessment, and the design of financial products tailored to seasonal cash flows. The review concludes that bridging the finance chasm requires a systemic shift towards blended financial instruments, policy-driven credit infrastructure improvements, and lender innovations in underwriting technology. By aligning financial systems with the distinct realities of BE-SMEs, Tanzania can unlock sustainable, equitable growth within its ocean-based economy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Issa G Ahmed, Mbara Cham, Bakari K. Faki, Mohamed Abasi Hamad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Sea Level Rise in Indonesia and Legal Certainty of Sea Territory: Implications of the ICJ Advisory Opinion of 23 July 2025 Under UNCLOS 1982 on Baselines and Delimitation
Sea level rise due to climate change challenges the legal certainty of Indonesia's maritime space as changes to the coastline have the potential to affect delimitation. This article aims to analyse the implications of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Advisory Opinion 23 July 2025 on the legal certainty of the base line, outer limits of the maritime zone, and delimitation, by placing Indonesia as an archipelagic country vulnerable to abrasion, tidal dynamics, and the risk of jurisdictional disputes. The research method used is juridical-normative through document study and textual and systematic interpretation of UNCLOS provisions on the base line, publicity and deposit of maps/list of geographical coordinates, and delimitation provisions along with legal principles of maritime boundary agreements. The analysis shows that physical coastal changes do not necessarily give rise to an obligation to update maps or coordinate lists automatically and recurrently once a maritime zone is duly established. This finding confirms that the published and deposited coordinate list serves as a verifiable jurisdictional instrument, subject to compliance with UNCLOS and the principle of lawful maintenance. In the realm of delimitation, the stability of treaty-based boundaries is maintained in principle, while the greatest vulnerability lies in segments that are not yet finalised or effective. This article recommends a two-track strategy for Indonesia: maintaining legal boundary certainty through strengthening coordinate and deposit governance, while updating hydrographic information for navigation safety without changing the legal position of boundaries, and prioritising the completion and effectiveness of boundary agreements in potentially overlapping areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ria Tri Vinata (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Optimizing of Integrated Port Infrastructure Design to Improve Maritime Logistics Efficiency in Eastern Indonesia
Efficient port infrastructure is essential for reducing maritime logistics costs and strengthening inter-island connectivity in Eastern Indonesia, where many ports still face constraints such as insufficient basin depth, inefficient berth geometry, and breakwater systems that are not fully aligned with local oceanographic conditions. This study investigates how optimizing an integrated port-infrastructure design can improve maritime logistics efficiency and lower sea-transport costs by focusing on three technical components: modern-ship-compatible berth design, optimal harbor basin depth, and effective breakwater planning. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining a systematic review of recent scientific publications (2023–2024), technical design assessment against relevant international recommendations, and multi-site case studies supported by semi-structured interviews and operational document analysis. Results indicate that increasing basin depth from 10.5 m to 14 m can raise vessel carrying capacity by up to 35% and reduce regional logistics costs by approximately 22–28%. Optimizing berth dimensions to a 600–800 m effective length and 50–65 m operational width can improve cargo handling efficiency by up to 40%, while a site-adapted rubble-mound breakwater can cut weather-related operational downtime by about 15–20%. These findings demonstrate that strategically integrated design optimization can substantially enhance port throughput, reliability, and cost competitiveness in Eastern Indonesia; therefore, prioritizing targeted infrastructure investment, adopting fit-for-purpose international design standards, and strengthening digital port management are recommended to accelerate regional economic connectivity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rafli Yunianto Pratama (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Evaluation of Compliance with IMO FAL Regulations in International Shipping Standards: A Comparative Study between Indonesia and Singapore
This study examines and compares the compliance levels of Indonesia and Singapore with the International Maritime Organization’s Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic (FAL Convention), focusing on its implications for international shipping standards. The background of this research lies in the growing importance of administrative efficiency and digital integration in port operations as essential determinants of maritime competitiveness. Both countries, situated along vital international trade routes, have ratified the FAL Convention; however, their implementation outcomes differ significantly. The main objective of this study is to evaluate how far both states have operationalized facilitation obligations, including the use of standardized FAL forms, electronic reporting systems, Maritime Single Window (MSW) implementation, and the enforcement of inspection facilitation principles. Using a qualitative comparative method based on document analysis, the research reviews legal frameworks, official port authority guidelines, and international compliance reports. The findings reveal that Singapore exhibits full compliance across all FAL indicators, supported by an integrated MSW, mandatory electronic data exchange, and consistent application of inspection facilitation procedures. Indonesia demonstrates partial compliance, with major ports showing progress in digital reporting but with smaller ports still constrained by limited interoperability, uneven enforcement, and fragmented administrative coordination. These variations stem from institutional capacity gaps, regulatory misalignment, and differing levels of digital readiness. The study concludes that enhancing inter-agency coordination, standardizing inspection procedures, and improving MSW interoperability are critical strategies for Indonesia to strengthen its compliance with the FAL Convention and improve port facilitation performance within global maritime governance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marisya Agustirani, Surya Desta, Azrul Asyikin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A 30-Year Climatological Analysis of Atmospheric Dynamics Anomalies during CENS in Western Indonesia
Cross Equatorial Northerly Surges or CENS are an important atmospheric phenomenon influencing weather variability over the Maritime Continent. These surge events frequently generate hazardous hydrometeorological conditions, including heavy rainfall and surface cooling, posing risks to maritime activities and coastal regions. This study presents a climatological analysis of atmospheric dynamics anomalies associated with CENS over the Western Maritime Continent using a 30 year dataset covering the period from 1991 to 2020. Atmospheric anomalies in precipitation rate, outgoing longwave radiation, relative humidity, and maximum temperature are analyzed using NCEP NCAR Reanalysis data. Active CENS events are identified based on meridional wind speed thresholds during the boreal winter season from November to March, resulting in 170 active CENS days. The results indicate that CENS events are consistently associated with enhanced precipitation, reduced outgoing longwave radiation, increased low level relative humidity, and widespread surface cooling. These anomalies reflect intensified convective activity driven by the transport of cold and moist air masses from the Northern Hemisphere. Maximum temperature decreases by up to 4.5 degrees Celsius due to the combined effects of cold air advection and increased cloud cover that suppresses incoming solar radiation. By adopting a multi decadal climatological framework, this study provides new insights into persistent atmospheric responses to CENS that are not fully captured by shorter term or event based analyses. The climatological baseline established here improves understanding of large scale drivers of extreme rainfall and atmospheric instability over western Indonesia and offers valuable information for enhancing weather forecasting, early warning systems, and maritime risk management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Didik Kurniawan, Farhan Oktaviansyah Hidayat, Binsar Hakim Aritonang, Rizki Addriyan Aliyafi, Sayful Amri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Philosophical Risk Transformation: A Systematic Review From Protection to Radical Adaptation in Indonesian Coastal Ontology
Coastal regions in Indonesia are increasingly exposed to compound climate-related hazards sea-level rise, erosion, storm surges, and saltwater intrusion while also facing strong anthropogenic pressures, creating not only a management problem but a deeper philosophical crisis about how risk, nature, and human agency are understood. Against this background, this study aims to systematically examine the philosophical transformation of coastal risk governance from a technocentric Protection, paradigm toward, Radical Adaptation within Indonesian coastal ontology, addressing the gap in philosophical (ontological, epistemological, and ethical) analysis of this transition. Methodologically, the article applies a systematic literature review, synthesizing 94 selected sources (2010–2025, with seminal works for foundations) gathered through database searches (Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Garuda) and supplemented by semantic search, followed by structured extraction and content analysis using a priori thematic coding across ontology, epistemology, and axiology or ethics. The findings indicate a clear shift in scholarship and practice: conventional protection strategies centered on engineering control are increasingly inadequate under accelerating uncertainty, while radical adaptation reframes risk as an intrinsic feature of coastal existence that requires coexistence, relationality, and transformative learning rather than defending the status quo. This transformation is marked by (1) an ontological move from separation/domination to living-with-risk, (2) an epistemological move toward hybrid knowledge that integrates scientific approaches traditional ecological wisdom, (3) an ethical reorientation toward ecological solidarity, intergenerational justice, moral responsibility
Copyright (c) 2025 Deni Sabriyati, Haznah Faizah AR (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Challenges in Implementing Maritime Development in Indonesia: From Concept to Reality
Indonesia’s maritime development has been positioned as a strategic national agenda due to its archipelagic geography, abundant marine resources, and strategic location within regional and global sea lanes. However, the implementation of maritime development continues to face a gap between policy concepts and practical realities, particularly in governance coordination, port connectivity, logistics efficiency, digital transformation, environmental sustainability, and coastal community inclusion. This study aims to examine the main challenges in implementing maritime development in Indonesia and to explain how an adaptive and integrated governance framework can support the transformation of maritime policy into concrete development outcomes. This research employs a qualitative descriptive-analytical approach using secondary data collected through literature review and document analysis. The data were analyzed through qualitative content analysis by identifying key themes related to maritime governance, port logistics, blue economy implementation, institutional reform, and regional development. The findings show that Indonesia’s maritime development is constrained by fragmented institutional arrangements, uneven port infrastructure, high logistics costs, weak hinterland integration, limited digital interoperability, and insufficient environmental safeguards. The study also finds that maritime development requires stronger coordination among central government, regional governments, port authorities, private sector actors, universities, civil society, and coastal communities. In conclusion, Indonesia’s maritime development should move beyond infrastructure-oriented policies toward adaptive, collaborative, and sustainability-based governance. Strengthening institutional integration, digital readiness, green port practices, regional participation, and blue economy implementation is essential to transform Indonesia’s maritime vision from a policy concept into an inclusive and sustainable development reality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fera Kasmita, Elisabet Desiana, Roberta Bela (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Disharmony Between National and Regional Policies in Maritime Governance: A Case Study of Tanjungpinang City Port
This study examines the disharmony between national and regional policies in maritime governance at Tanjungpinang City Port. The issue emerges from the tension between centralized maritime regulation, which emphasizes port safety, operational standards, and national connectivity, and regional governance needs related to urban mobility, spatial planning, public services, and local economic development. The purpose of this study is to analyze how policy misalignment affects port governance and to identify the institutional, regulatory, and spatial challenges that shape the relationship between national authority and regional responsiveness. This research uses a qualitative case study approach supported by document analysis, stakeholder-based qualitative data, and descriptive policy analysis. The data were obtained from national maritime regulations, regional planning documents, institutional reports, field observations, and relevant stakeholder perspectives. The findings show that policy disharmony produces institutional fragmentation, regulatory misalignment, weak port-city spatial integration, limited stakeholder coordination, and gaps in public service planning. These conditions reduce the effectiveness of port management and limit the capacity of Tanjungpinang City Port to support sustainable regional development. The study concludes that maritime governance reform requires an adaptive and integrated framework that connects national standards with regional priorities through policy harmonization, institutional coordination, stakeholder participation, digital governance, and port-city spatial integration. Such reform is necessary to strengthen accountability, improve public services, and position Tanjungpinang City Port as a strategic node for inclusive and sustainable maritime development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Merrisa Rani, Ibaniyah Ibaniyah, Ririn Murtiani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Port Governance and Bureaucratic Challenges: A Literature Review of Regulatory Reform in the Indonesian Maritime Sector
Port governance in Indonesia remains a critical issue within maritime sector reform due to institutional fragmentation, overlapping authority, bureaucratic complexity, and uneven implementation of regulatory policies. As an archipelagic country, Indonesia depends heavily on efficient port systems to support logistics connectivity, investment, inter-island trade, and maritime competitiveness. This study aims to examine how regulatory reform shapes Indonesian port governance and to identify the bureaucratic challenges that affect the implementation of reform in the maritime sector. Using a qualitative descriptive literature review approach, this article analyzes secondary data from peer-reviewed journal articles, policy documents, institutional reports, and relevant academic publications. The data were examined through qualitative content analysis by identifying key themes related to port governance, regulatory reform, bureaucratic coordination, digital integration, institutional capacity, and stakeholder collaboration. The findings indicate that regulatory reform has encouraged modernization in port management, service integration, and digital transformation; however, its effectiveness remains limited by fragmented institutional mandates, procedural rigidity, weak inter-agency coordination, and uneven bureaucratic capacity across ports. The study also finds that digitalization can improve transparency and efficiency, but only when supported by regulatory coherence, organizational readiness, and integrated information systems. This article concludes that Indonesian port reform should be understood not merely as legal or infrastructural modernization, but as a broader governance transformation requiring regulatory harmonization, bureaucratic simplification, institutional coordination, stakeholder participation, and adaptive policy learning to strengthen national maritime competitiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Juliana Eka Pratiwi, Selvira Aryani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Application of Shipping Governance in the Management of Small E-Pas Outlet in Pangkil Village, Bintan Regency
Indonesia’s position as the world’s largest archipelagic state makes small-scale fishing vessels central to mobility and coastal livelihoods, yet many traditional boats still face uneven access to legality services, safety oversight, and state support conditions that can increase operational risk and exclude fishers from entitlements such as subsidized fuel. This study investigates how shipping governance is applied through the management of a Small E-Pas (e-Pas Kecil) outlet in Pangkil Village, Bintan Regency, and assesses what the outlet’s village-level implementation implies for traditional fishers. Using a qualitative, descriptive case study design, the research draws on systematic document analysis of national regulations and circulars, official institutional releases, and local media reports related to vessel measurement, registration, service delivery, and inter-agency coordination; the data were examined through thematic content analysis and coding aligned to core governance principles transparency, accountability, participation, and effectiveness supported by source triangulation. The findings indicate that the outlet has brought legality services closer to an island community by measuring and registering dozens of vessels under 7 GT, strengthening fishers’ legal identity, and facilitating access to subsidized diesel and basic safety support, while also promoting more standardized risk-prevention practices. However, implementation remains constrained by limited digital literacy among fishers, reliance on a small number of trained technical staff for measurement and data entry, and fragmented data management and coordination across KSOP, KPLP, and local government agencies, which reduces the consistency and scalability of accountability mechanisms.
Copyright (c) 2025 M. Rizky Indrawan Saputra, Jauzari Helmi, Adrian Kurnia Sobana Putra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Public Management Model in Marine Pollution Control; A Case Study of Bintan Regency
Marine pollution is one of the most pressing environmental challenges in coastal areas, particularly in areas with intensive shipping and tourism activities such as Bintan Regency, Indonesia. Recurrent oil spills, accumulation of marine debris and microplastics, and degradation of mangrove and coral reef ecosystems highlight the need for an integrated governance model capable of ensuring both ecological sustainability and the socio-economic resilience of coastal communities. This study aims to assess the performance of public management in controlling marine pollution in Bintan and propose a governance model that emphasizes strengthening institutional coordination, preventive measures, and accountability mechanisms. The method used is a case study with a qualitative-descriptive approach, based on secondary data obtained from government documents, environmental regulations, media reports, and international scientific articles. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis techniques to identify key issues, institutional roles, and the effectiveness of policy instruments. The results show that although regulatory frameworks such as PP No. 19/1999, DIKPLHD Bintan, and MARPOL obligations are in place, implementation in the field remains fragmentary and reactive, reflected in the recurrence of black oil pollution and limited ship waste reception facilities. This study emphasizes the importance of a polycentric governance model that integrates Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), collaborative governance between state and non-state actors, and economic instruments such as indirect fee schemes for wastewater treatment facilities. In conclusion, strengthening monitoring capacity, participatory evaluation, and multi-level actor integration are key to reducing the rate of recurrent pollution while protecting Bintan's coastal ecosystems and communities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fitri Kurnianingsih, Syafrianita Syafrianita, Armauliza Septiawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Maritime Security and Drug Threats in the Border Waters of Bintan Regency: The Perspective of the Bintan Resort Police
Bintan Regency, located in Indonesia’s Riau Islands Province, occupies a strategic maritime position adjacent to Singapore and Malaysia, making it a vital yet vulnerable zone for transnational narcotics trafficking. The geographical characteristics of extensive coastlines, scattered small islands, and numerous unofficial ports provide opportunities for smugglers to exploit weak surveillance and limited enforcement capacity. This study aims to analyze the strategies, challenges, and institutional coordination of the Bintan Resort Police (Polres Bintan) in combating maritime-based narcotics smuggling. Using a qualitative descriptive method, data were collected through in-depth interviews, direct observation, and documentation studies, then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model with triangulation for validation. The findings reveal that the Polres Bintan plays a crucial role in early detection and prevention through routine patrols, intelligence sharing, and coordination with the Navy, Customs, and BNN. However, enforcement remains constrained by limited personnel, only two patrol vessels, and the absence of an integrated maritime surveillance system. Inter-agency coordination is still fragmented due to overlapping authority and the lack of formal legal frameworks. Moreover, socio-economic vulnerabilities within coastal communities increase local involvement in smuggling networks. The study concludes that sustainable maritime security requires strengthening institutional synergy, enhancing technological capacity, and empowering communities as active partners in surveillance. A unified maritime governance framework is essential to transform Bintan from a vulnerable transit hub into a resilient maritime border zone for Indonesia’s narcotics control strategy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elyza Riani, Yossi Oktalina (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Opportunities and Challenges for Local Governments in Increasing Local Revenues through Fisheries Trade System Reform Marine Capture in Bintan Regency
This study aims to analyze the role of local government in utilizing marine capture fisheries potential to increase regional revenue in Bintan Regency, Riau Islands Province. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, the study illustrates the current conditions of marine and fisheries sector governance, while identifying institutional challenges and opportunities for trade system reform. The findings reveal that although capture fisheries production has steadily increased, its contribution to regional revenue remains significantly low. This is primarily due to suboptimal local governance, the absence of Fish Auction Centers (TPI), and the dominance of a closed distribution system controlled by middlemen (tauke), which weakens fishers’ bargaining power and eliminates potential local revenue from levies. The local government faces multiple structural challenges, including weak regulatory frameworks, lack of integrated production data, and the institutional disempowerment of fisher communities. Nevertheless, there are strategic opportunities that can be leveraged through the professional development and management of TPI. These centers can serve as critical instruments for ensuring price transparency, strengthening production records, increasing local revenue through levies, empowering fishers' cooperatives, and breaking the dependency on the tauke system. The study recommends the need for integrated, institution-based, and context-specific policies to support a sustainable and inclusive reform of the capture fisheries trade system in Bintan Regency.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lamidi Lamidi, Dicky Novalino, Ilham Yuri Nanda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Formation of Strategic Provinces on Maritime Borders: A Political Economy Analysis of Natuna-Anambas Proposal
The Natuna and Anambas regions have a strategic position as a maritime border region that is a concern in the national agenda, including through designation as part of the National Strategic Project (PSN). However, the reality of local development shows high fiscal dependence on central transfers, weak local revenue, and vulnerability to global economic fluctuations. This study aims to assess the potential of the Natuna-Anambas Province formation in strengthening fiscal independence and improving local economic governance. Using an exploratory qualitative approach and fiscal policy analysis, this study utilizes secondary data from regional financial reports, BPS statistics, and a literature review related to fiscal decentralization and the resource curse. The results show that the regional revenue structure dominated by the General Allocation Fund (DAU) and Revenue Sharing Fund (DBH) makes Natuna and Anambas vulnerable to central policy changes and commodity price volatility. In addition, the benefits of PSN have not been fully distributed to local communities due to limited institutional capacity and lack of integration of local economic development. The establishment of a new province has the potential to be a solution if accompanied by strengthening fiscal governance, reforming DBH allocation, and economic diversification strategies. This article recommends a policy roadmap based on a multi-level governance approach to promote fiscal autonomy and inclusive and sustainable economic development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fery Andana, Kartono Kartono (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Revitalization of Marine Culture Through Maritime Based Development Policy in Indonesia
Indonesia, as the world’s largest archipelagic state, possesses a rich maritime heritage shaped by centuries of seafaring and coastal livelihoods. However, national development has long prioritized land-based sectors, marginalizing maritime culture within policy frameworks. This study aims to analyze how maritime-based development policies can serve as instruments for revitalizing maritime culture and to identify the challenges and opportunities for their implementation. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, the research draws upon Edward III’s policy implementation theory to examine policy communication, resource adequacy, bureaucratic structure, and implementers’ disposition as determinants of success. Data were obtained through documentation studies, secondary data from government institutions, and semi-structured interviews with policymakers, cultural actors, and coastal community leaders. The findings reveal that while comprehensive legal instruments such as Law No. 5 of 2017 on Cultural Advancement and Presidential Regulation No. 16 of 2017 on Indonesian Marine Policy exist, implementation remains weak due to fragmented inter-agency coordination, limited resources, and insufficient political commitment. Some local innovations, such as culture-based marine schools and regional maritime heritage mapping, demonstrate potential best practices. The study concludes that revitalizing maritime culture requires integrating socio-cultural values into policy planning, strengthening institutional capacity, and involving coastal communities as key actors. Such efforts are essential to transform maritime culture from a symbolic narrative into a substantive foundation for sustainable and inclusive national development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ummil Khalish, Febriansyah Febriansyah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Government Paradiplomacy in Proposing Penyengat Island to UNESCO as a World Cultural Heritage
The cultural wealth of Indonesia, particularly from border regions such as the Kepulauan Riau, is increasingly threatened by external claims and lack of international recognition. One prominent case involves Penyengat Island, a significant historical and cultural site in Tanjungpinang, rich in Malay heritage and once a center of the Riau-Lingga Sultanate. Recognizing the island’s cultural and historical value, the Government of Kepulauan Riau Province has initiated efforts to nominate Penyengat Island as a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site. This study aims to examine the paradiplomatic strategies employed by the local government in this international cultural diplomacy effort. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the research collects data through interviews with key officials from the Tanjungpinang Department of Culture and Tourism, field observations, and document analysis. The findings reveal that the local government has undertaken significant initiatives, including the revitalization of historical sites, the preparation of comprehensive documentation and cultural dossiers, and the lobbying of national institutions to support the nomination. The concept of paradiplomacy where sub-national governments engage in international relations proves central to these efforts. While challenges such as limited administrative authority and bureaucratic hurdles persist, the strategic collaboration with the central government and UNESCO-aligned bodies demonstrates the growing agency of local governments in global cultural advocacy. The study concludes that effective paradiplomacy can serve as a critical tool for promoting local heritage on the world stage, emphasizing the need for sustained intergovernmental cooperation and cultural diplomacy frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vira Anggelina Putri, Ady Muzwardi, Rizqi Apriani Putri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Maritime Paradiplomacy of the 15th-Century Malay Sultanate: An Inspirational Model for Contemporary Archipelagic Regional Autonomy in Indonesia
ndonesia, the world’s largest archipelagic state, faces complex maritime governance challenges stemming from a disconnect between its decentralized legal framework and its centralist administrative practices. Despite constitutional provisions allowing regional entities to engage in international cooperation, bureaucratic hurdles undermine the effectiveness of maritime paradiplomacy, particularly in regions such as the Riau Islands and North Maluku. This study aims to address this gap by examining the 15th-century Melaka Sultanate as a historical model of decentralized maritime diplomacy that can inspire modern policy innovations. Utilizing a qualitative historical-comparative method, the research juxtaposes Melaka’s port-based paradiplomatic mechanisms such as the empowered role of syahbandars and strategic diaspora networks with Indonesia’s current regulatory constraints. Primary data were sourced from historical manuscripts including Suma Oriental and Yingya Shenglan, while contemporary policies were analyzed through legal documents and regulatory simulations. The findings reveal that Melaka's distributed sovereignty, pragmatic neutrality, and cultural diplomacy through maritime networks facilitated effective transregional cooperation, in stark contrast to Indonesia's modern procedural stagnation. As a conclusion, the study proposes the revival of localized diplomatic authorities through "Maritime Autonomy Zones," the establishment of port curator councils, and the integration of cultural heritage in international engagement strategies. By recovering indigenous governance models, Indonesia can transform its peripheral maritime regions into vibrant centers of diplomatic and economic agency. This research not only bridges historiographical, legal, and policy domains but also offers a feasible pathway for strengthening Indonesia’s maritime sovereignty through culturally resonant decentralization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bagus Subagja, Sariyatun Sariyatun, Deny Tri Ardianto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Coral Reef Bleaching Crisis: Impacts on Indonesia's Marine Ecosystems and Coastal Economy
Indonesia, as the world’s largest archipelagic state, is home to vast marine biodiversity, particularly coral reefs that support more than 25% of marine species despite covering less than 1% of the ocean floor. However, these vital ecosystems are increasingly threatened by climate-induced stressors such as rising sea surface temperatures and anthropogenic pressures including pollution, destructive fishing practices, and coastal development. The most visible manifestation of this crisis is coral bleaching, which compromises reef health and biodiversity. This study aims to explore the ecological and economic impacts of coral reef bleaching in Indonesia and propose strategic responses for sustainable marine governance. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, the research draws upon peer-reviewed literature, government reports, and international assessments to analyze the drivers, consequences, and policy implications of coral bleaching. Findings reveal that elevated sea temperatures caused by global warming and phenomena like El Niño have led to mass coral bleaching events, reducing coral cover, disrupting marine food chains, and impairing ecosystem services. Socio-economically, the bleaching crisis has diminished fisheries productivity, reduced marine tourism revenue, and heightened economic vulnerability in coastal communities. Coral reef degradation also weakens natural coastal defenses, increasing exposure to storm damage. The study concludes that integrated policy interventions centered on conservation, community-based management, and climate adaptation are critical for reversing coral decline. Strengthening marine spatial planning, enforcing sustainable fishing regulations, and promoting blue economy principles can help safeguard coral reefs and enhance the resilience of Indonesia’s coastal economy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Angelina Dwi Susanti, Friska Silaban, Lambok Febryan Aritonang, Yessi Tri Yosika br Sitompul (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Regional Policy Diversification to Maximize Blue Economy Potential in Kepulauan Riau Amid Indonesia-China Bilateral Cooperation
Indonesia’s ambition to enhance its maritime economy has been reinforced by its bilateral cooperation with China through the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Deepening Blue Economy Cooperation. This initiative presents a significant opportunity for maritime provinces like Kepulauan Riau, which possess vast marine resources yet remain underutilized. Despite having 96% of its territory covered by sea, the region's fisheries sector contributes only 1.72% to its Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), revealing a substantial gap between potential and economic realization. This study aims to explore how regional policy diversification can optimize blue economy potential in Kepulauan Riau amid growing bilateral cooperation. A qualitative descriptive-analytical approach was employed, using secondary data from official statistics, government regulations, academic literature, and blue economy policy frameworks. The study identifies tourism, fisheries, renewable energy, maritime transport, and climate mitigation as key sectors for development. The findings suggest that integrating these sectors through tailored regional policies aligned with local characteristics can create a synergistic effect, amplifying the benefits of blue economy investments. Additionally, strategic policy alignment with national blue economy roadmaps and the inclusion of local stakeholders are crucial to ensure equitable and sustainable outcomes. In conclusion, the research highlights that regional diversification, guided by the principles of sustainability, inclusivity, and local relevance, is essential to transforming external cooperation into real and balanced economic growth for Kepulauan Riau. Such a strategy ensures that no community is left behind in the national pursuit of blue economy advancement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fery Andana, Cantius Fransisco Wisnu Bayu Saputra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Distribution of Subsidized Fuel for Fishermen in The Utilization of Maritime Potential in Bintan Regency
Bintan Regency, an area with abundant maritime resources, heavily depends on the fisheries sector for its economic development, with a significant portion of the population working as fishermen. However, the full utilization of maritime potential in this region remains suboptimal, primarily due to limited access to subsidized fuel, a vital resource for fishing operations. Fuel subsidies have long been a financial and logistical challenge in Indonesia, exacerbated by declining domestic oil production and increasing reliance on imports. This study aims to investigate the impact of fuel subsidy distribution on fishermen’s livelihoods and the broader maritime economy in Bintan Regency. Using a qualitative research approach, data were collected through structured interviews with fishermen, local authorities, and maritime experts, as well as through analysis of secondary data from policy documents and academic sources. The findings indicate that while fuel subsidies are intended to alleviate the economic burden on fishermen, implementation inconsistencies, inadequate infrastructure, and bureaucratic hurdles have hindered their effectiveness. Many fishermen still rely on traditional tools and face high operational costs due to limited access to subsidized diesel, resulting in reduced income and economic insecurity. To address these issues, the Bintan Regency government has proposed increasing the quota of subsidized fuel and introducing digital systems such as fuel cards to improve distribution transparency.
Redefining Paradiplomacy Strategy to Strengthen Island Governance Autonomy: The Case of Riau Islands, Indonesia
This research examines the role of paradiplomacy in strengthening the local governance autonomy of the Riau Islands, Indonesia, a region facing challenges in capitalizing on its strategic geographical location and marine resources. While Riau Islands holds significant potential in tourism, fisheries, and regional development, its subnational autonomy has not been fully leveraged to foster successful paradiplomatic initiatives. Using desk research and secondary data from governmental sources, scientific articles, and media reports, this study evaluates the effectiveness of paradiplomacy in enhancing regional cooperation, promoting sustainable development, and addressing socio-economic issues such as poverty and inequality. The findings reveal that, despite numerous successful collaborations with international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) and foreign governments, challenges remain in aligning local and national policies, managing external funds, and ensuring equitable distribution of resources. Empowering local communities, especially in the sectors of fisheries and tourism, has been a key focus, but issues of community displacement and foreign exploitation remain significant concerns. The research concludes that while paradiplomacy has contributed to some progress, a more coordinated and sustainable approach is necessary to fully realize the region’s potential. Future strategies should focus on enhancing local governance capacity, improving public-private partnerships, and fostering a more inclusive development model that ensures the benefits of paradiplomacy are widely distributed.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Raka Hadiyan, Aulia Salvy Putri Maharani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Pa'boya: The Adaptation of Coastal Communities in South Sulawesi to Maritime Migration Policies in Southeast Asia
Migration has long been a significant characteristic of human societies, shaping demographic patterns, socio-economic structures, and cultural landscapes across regions. In Southeast Asia, migration is driven by diverse factors such as labor demands, environmental challenges, and socio-political instability. This study focuses on the adaptation strategies of coastal communities in South Sulawesi, particularly the Pa’boya community, in response to maritime migration policies. These communities face dual challenges from regional migration policies and environmental changes, which impact their cultural identity, traditional livelihoods, and access to natural resources. The research adopts a qualitative methodology, analyzing secondary data from journal articles, books, and policy documents. The study explores the relationship between local adaptation mechanisms, such as the Pa’boya's cultural practices, and broader regional policy frameworks. It also highlights the gaps in existing migration policies that often fail to address the unique challenges faced by coastal communities. The results show that the Pa’boya community has developed sophisticated responses to migration policies through collective action, advocacy, and the preservation of cultural heritage. Despite policy restrictions that affect traditional fishing practices, the community demonstrates resilience by diversifying livelihoods and engaging in sustainable practices. However, the impact of modernization and environmental pressures poses risks to their cultural identity, and there is an urgent need for policies that integrate local perspectives into broader migration frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Tita Andraena, Imam Fadhil Nugrah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Role of Maritime Public Policy on The Economic Development of Coastal Communities in Tanjungpinang City Area
Public policy plays a significant role in the development of coastal communities, particularly in areas heavily reliant on maritime resources. This research examines the role of maritime public policy in improving the economic welfare of coastal communities in Tanjungpinang City, located in the Riau Islands, Indonesia. With a population of over 230,000, Tanjungpinang is an archipelago whose residents are largely dependent on fisheries, marine tourism, and trade. The study highlights the importance of Law No. 32 of 2014 on Maritime Affairs and how policies derived from it aim to harness the potential of marine resources to benefit local economies through the blue economy principles. However, despite the clear goals of these policies, challenges in implementation persist. This study utilizes a qualitative approach, combining document analysis, interviews with local stakeholders, and surveys from coastal communities. The research finds that while maritime policies have facilitated several empowerment programs, such as the distribution of fish seeds and awareness campaigns, there are gaps in the infrastructure and workforce development needed to sustain these initiatives. Additionally, local communities show varying levels of engagement with the policies, which affects the overall impact on economic development. The study concludes that while maritime public policies have a positive influence on the economic development of coastal communities in Tanjungpinang City, their full potential can only be realized through continued investments in infrastructure, human resources, and better alignment with the local culture. Effective implementation requires ongoing supervision and adaptation to ensure sustainable growth in the region's maritime sectors.
Copyright (c) 2024 Tessa Citrani, Muhammad Tri Syaputra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Implementation of the Measured Fishing Policy-Penangkapan Ikan Terukur (PIT) in the Riau Islands Province
The implementation of the Measured Fishing Policy/Penangkapan Ikan Terukur (PIT) in the Riau Islands Province is a strategic step to manage fishery resources sustainably. The background of this study focuses on the challenges faced in the implementation of the PIT policy, including filling in logbooks by 10-30 GT fishing vessels, conflicts between traditional fishermen and industry players, and limited supporting infrastructure. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the PIT policy using the Van Meter and Van Horn theory, which refers to four main indicators: communication, resources, bureaucratic structure, and implementer disposition. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach, with secondary data collection and triangulation analysis to increase validity and reliability. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the PIT policy in the Riau Islands still faces obstacles in the form of uneven communication, lack of skilled human resources, and inadequate infrastructure. The complex bureaucratic structure also hinders the efficiency of policy implementation. However, government efforts, such as policy socialization through training and the establishment of the Fisheries Management Institution (LPP) in WPPNRI 711, have begun to show positive impacts. In conclusion, the successful implementation of the PIT policy requires a holistic approach that includes strengthening human resources, infrastructure investment, bureaucratic reform, and inclusive communication strategies. Thus, this policy is expected to contribute to the sustainability of marine ecosystems and the welfare of coastal communities in the Riau Islands Province
Copyright (c) 2024 Dicky Novalino, Niken Wulandari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Optimization of Human Resources (HR) to Support Blue Economy in Riau Island Province
Riau Island Province (Kepri) has great potential to support blue economy policies with its territory dominated by oceans (96%) and strategic position on the ASEAN border. Blue economy is an important approach to integrating maritime sectors such as fisheries, marine tourism, renewable energy, and marine technology sustainably. This article aims to analyze the challenges and opportunities in optimizing local human resources (HR) to support the implementation of blue economy policies in Kepri, in order to realize the vision of "Kepri Permata Biru 2045." This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with a phenomenological approach to understand the interaction between government, society, academics, the private sector, and media (Pentahelix Collaboration). Primary and secondary data were obtained through interviews, literature studies, and official documents such as RPJPD and RPJMD. This approach helps explore the dynamics of stakeholders in inclusive and sustainable blue economy governance. The results of the study show that although Kepri has great potential in maritime resources, the implementation of blue economy policies is faced with challenges such as limited inter-regional connectivity, low quality of human resources, and lack of maritime infrastructure. In addition, synergy between actors in collaborative governance is still weak. However, great opportunities can be utilized through investment in marine technology, human resource training, and strengthening the role of local communities
Copyright (c) 2024 Afrian Ginanjar, Ade Adriyadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Nation Branding of Kepulauan Riau Through Subregional Cooperation in The Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT)
Nation branding has become a key element in modern communication strategies, particularly in the context of globalization. Countries strive to establish a positive international image, reflecting their unique identity and values. Nation branding is a marketing and communication strategy aimed at enhancing a country’s image, both domestically and globally. Kepulauan Riau participation in the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT) cooperation, and its hosting of the IMT-GT event in 2023, represents an effort to strengthen its image internationally. The IMT-GT is a subregional economic collaboration involving Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, and Thailand, with the Kepulauan Riau being an active participant. This research utilizes a descriptive-analytical approach, supported by secondary data, to examine the impact of this initiative. One of the notable implementations of this cooperation is the IMT-GT Expo "Gebyar Melayu Pesisir," which showcases Kepulauan Riau local culture and products. This event aims to foster economic growth among the three countries, particularly in the Kepulauan Riau as the host region. The outcomes of the IMT-GT initiatives include agreements that enhance connectivity among member countries, fostering an integrated, innovative, inclusive, green, and sustainable growth strategy, with a vision extending to 2036. This research highlights the potential for the Kepulauan Riau to leverage nation branding through subregional cooperation, enhancing economic growth and international recognition.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rizqi Apriani Putri, Ella Afnira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Stakeholder Analysis of Indonesia's Trade the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) Actor Non-ASEAN
This study examines Indonesia’s trade relations with non-ASEAN member countries under the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). The RCEP, signed in 2020, presents Indonesia with significant opportunities to expand market access, particularly with key partners like China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand. However, challenges persist, particularly in terms of trade imbalances and competitive pressures. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data from trade flow statistics and tariff reductions with qualitative insights from interviews and focus group discussions with key stakeholders. The Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method was applied to assess the effectiveness of RCEP provisions. Results show that while Indonesia benefits from improved market access, significant trade deficits remain, especially with China and Australia. Stakeholders, including government agencies and private sector exporters, play pivotal roles in mitigating these challenges by addressing non-tariff barriers and enhancing trade facilitation. In conclusion, Indonesia must strategically leverage the RCEP framework to address trade imbalances and improve export competitiveness. Policy recommendations include enhancing stakeholder collaboration, improving infrastructure, and increasing awareness among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to fully utilize RCEP benefits. These efforts will ensure Indonesia remains competitive in global trade.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ady Muzwardi, Mahadiansar Mahadiansar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Exploring Technological Innovation in Wave Forecasting Using Machine Learning: A Literature Analysis
In the face of rapid technological advancements, innovations in wave forecasting are increasingly essential for effectively addressing the complex impacts of climate change. This study aims to explore technological developments in wave forecasting that can manage the complexities related to climate change and enhance the accuracy and efficiency of predictions in dynamic marine environments. Employing a qualitative approach through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology, the research focuses on literature from databases such as Scopus, DOAJ, and Google Scholar, specifically targeting publications from 2014 to 2024. Recent findings reveal that advancements in machine learning technologies, including deep learning, ensemble learning, transfer learning, and data augmentation, have significantly improved the precision and efficiency of wave forecasting models. Techniques like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have been particularly effective in capturing complex, non-linear patterns within wave data, enhancing the overall prediction accuracy. Ensemble learning methods have further contributed by increasing the stability and robustness of forecasts. Moreover, transfer learning and data augmentation play vital roles in adapting these models to rapidly changing environmental conditions, making them highly relevant in the context of climate change. These approaches are crucial for models to remain adaptable and responsive to dynamic oceanic conditions influenced by climate variability. The insights derived from this study are expected to provide valuable direction for the future development of machine learning-based wave forecasting models, emphasizing the need for innovative techniques that can accommodate the complexities and uncertainties brought about by climate change.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Hapipi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Galang Batang SEZ: Advancing the Blue Economy through Strategic Development
The development of the Galang Batang Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a strategic effort by Indonesia to boost its Blue Economy, leveraging its coastal resources for sustainable economic growth. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of Galang Batang SEZ in advancing Indonesia's Blue Economy by analyzing the zone's infrastructure development, investment climate, and regulatory framework. The research employs a qualitative approach, examining reports, regulations, and investment data collected from government agencies, SEZ administrators, and key stakeholders. Findings reveal that Galang Batang SEZ has successfully attracted significant foreign direct investment, particularly in the alumina refinery and supporting industries, positioning it as a critical hub for marine-based industries. Additionally, the SEZ's focus on sustainable infrastructure, including environmentally friendly power plants and modern port facilities, aligns with the principles of the Blue Economy. However, challenges remain, such as environmental compliance issues and the need for improved local accessibility. The study concludes that while the Galang Batang SEZ shows promise in contributing to Indonesia’s Blue Economy, it requires ongoing policy support, infrastructure enhancement, and environmental management strategies to fully realize its potential. This research underscores the importance of strategic SEZ development in achieving sustainable coastal economic growth and offers insights for future policy implementations in similar zones.
Copyright (c) 2024 Lamidi Lamidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
KADO SPESIAL: Strategic Innovation for Conservation Area Management in Pieh Island National Marine Protected Area, West Sumatra
The Pieh Island National Marine Protected Area (NMPA) is managed by the LKKPN (National Marine Protected Area Office) Pekanbaru and includes distinct zones: a 197.34-hectare core zone, a 39,681.1-hectare limited utilization zone, and a 41.56-hectare anchoring and habitat rehabilitation zone. The largest, the limited utilization zone, highlights the importance of managing human interactions within the MPA. This research focuses on identifying and exploring strategies to address challenges faced by LKKPN Pekanbaru in managing the Pieh Island NMPA, specifically using the Bando Island area as a case study. Bando Island, a survival tourism destination within the MPA, needs to be more adequately managed. A literature review and data collection through focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted. Issues were explored and validated using the APKL (Aktual, Problematik, Khalayak, Layak) analysis, with priorities determined by the USG (Urgency, Seriousness, Growth) matrix. Fishbone analysis was used to identify root causes of top-priority issues, and alternative strategies were ranked using the McNamara approach. The research identified the lack of stakeholder collaboration as the primary issue, leading to the development of the "KADO SPESIAL" model—focusing on stakeholder involvement in every phase of the management process.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rahmat Irfansyah, Muh. Firdaus Agung Kunto Kurniawan, R. Hernan Mahardhika, Fajar Nugroho, Dominikus Yoeli Wilson Laia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0