Journal Governance Bureaucratic Review
type: channel
description: pISSN: 3109-0605 | eISSN: 3108-9356 Journal Governance Bureaucratic Review, managed by the Center for Maritime Policy Governance Studies (CMPGS) Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji, Indonesia, serves as an important platform for disseminating research and scholarly work in the fields of governance and bureaucratic reform. This journal aims to deepen the understanding of governance issues, promote innovative policy frameworks, and facilitate discussions that are crucial for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of public services. The journal invites contributions from researchers, policymakers, and practitioners interested in various aspects of governance studies, including public administration, policy analysis, bureaucratic, transparency and accountability, as well as the socio-economic impacts of public policies. Through its rigorous peer-review process, the journal ensures the publication of high-quality articles that contribute to the advancement of knowledge and best practices in governance and bureaucratic.
publisher: Center for Maritime Policy Governance Studies (CMPGS)
language: en
publication name: Journal Governance Bureaucratic Review
issn: 3109-0605
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items: Implementation of the Merah Putih Cooperative Policy in Supporting the Free Nutritious Food Programme for School Students
items: Equitable Maritime-Based Investment in Kepulauan Riau: Evaluation of Policy and Regional Development Direction
items: Smart Election Governance and Public Participation in Indonesia’s Electoral Process
items: Transforming Governance to Implementation Foreign Loan-Funded Activities in BMKG for Good Governance
items: Data and Technology Based Bureaucratic Governance Innovations: A Model for Strengthening Institutional Quality in Public Sector Reform in Indonesia
items: Optimizing Policies for the Distribution of Social Assistance (BANSOS) and Direct Cash Transfers (BLT) to Ensure Targeting Accuracy and Improve Economic Welfare
items: Strategic SWOT Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Management and Waste Bank System in Bandung City; Toward a Circular and Sustainable Urban Future
items: Policy Direction for Strengthening Accountability and Transparency in the Management of Direct Grant Receipts at BMKG
items: Implementation of the TPKS Law In DIY From the Perspective of Policy Network Theory
items: Top-Down Implementation of the Job Creation Law: Reforming Environmental Impact Assessment Policy and Implications for Environmental Governance in Indonesia
items: Bounded Rationality in Energy Policy: Analyzing the Ban on Retail Sales of Subsidized 3-Kilogram LPG in Indonesia
items: Implementation of the Job Creation Law: Severance Pay from the Perspective of Pressman and Wildavsky's Theory
items: Policy Implementation in Resource-Scarce Political Environments: Applying Peter S. Cleaves’ Framework to Indonesia’s National Health Insurance (JKN)
items: Governance Community Empowerment Through the EMAK.ID Waste Bank Program in Bandar Lampung City
items: Analysis of Gas Station Queue System; Case Study Gas Station 13.201.101 on Jalan Jamin Ginting, Medan Baru District, Medan City
items: Bibliometric Study of Bureaucratic Culture, Leadership, and Educational Psychology in ASEAN (2010–2024)
items: Direct Regional Head Elections and Excessive Corruption Loopholes
items: Ethics of Artificial Intelligence Usage in the Judiciary to Uphold Efficiency and Justice
items: SWOT Analysis in Performance Accountability of the Yogyakarta City Human Resources Development and Personnel Agency
items: PESTLE Analysis of the Free Nutritious Meal Program Policy in Indonesia
items: Stakeholder Analysis Waste Management in Tanjungpinang City
items: Bureaucratic Reform and Economic Growth: The Case of Bintan Regency's Development Strategy
items: Optimizing Marine Governance in the Kepulauan Riau for Ecosystem Sustainability and Economic Welfare

Implementation of the Merah Putih Cooperative Policy in Supporting the Free Nutritious Food Programme for School Students
type: item
description: This study aims to analyse the implementation of the Koperasi Merah Putih (KMP) policy as an actor in supporting the programme to provide free nutritious meals for school students in Tanjungpinang City. Koperasi Merah Putih, which was formed with a spirit of multi-stakeholder collaboration, is believed to play an important role in the food supply chain and logistics distribution, thereby ensuring the effectiveness and sustainability of the programme. Using a qualitative approach with case studies, this study focuses on the implementation model of (George C. Edwards III: 1980) Communication, Resources, Disposition, and Bureaucratic Structure. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with the management of the Merah Putih Cooperative, school principals, and representatives from the Education Office and the Cooperative Office. The results show that the implementation of this policy faces major challenges in terms of resources, particularly the availability of working capital and efficient supply chain management capabilities, as well as land for the Merah Putih Cooperative office. Several areas of Tanjungpinang City face difficulties in land management and the cooperative's business activities. On the other hand, communication and the disposition of actors show high levels of support. Koperasi Merah Putih has succeeded in reducing logistics costs and improving the quality of raw materials, but the scalability of the programme still requires more integrated administrative and budgetary support from the Tanjungpinang City Government. This study recommends the need to strengthen the supporting bureaucratic structure and increase the capacity of Koperasi Merah Putih through modern management training to achieve optimal public policy effectiveness in supporting the free nutritious meal programme.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Policy Implementation, Merah Putih Cooperative, Free Nutritious Food Programme, Tanjungpinang City.
  topic: keywords
creator: Raja Enkla Kurniadinta Putri Rahmina
creator: Rendyta Anggraini
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Raja Enkla Kurniadinta Putri Rahmina, Rendyta Anggraini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-25
publication date: 2026-04-25
starting page: 29
ending page: 45
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v3i1.8093

Equitable Maritime-Based Investment in Kepulauan Riau: Evaluation of Policy and Regional Development Direction
type: item
description: This study examines the issue of unequal maritime-based investment distribution in Kepulauan Riau, an archipelagic province with strategic economic potential due to its proximity to international shipping routes, cross-border trade networks, port infrastructure, and marine-based resources. Although Kepulauan Riau has recorded significant investment growth, investment realisation remains concentrated in Batam, while outer-island districts such as Natuna, Anambas, and Lingga continue to face limited capital inflows, weak infrastructure, and low integration into regional value chains. This study aims to evaluate the direction of investment policy and its contribution to equitable regional development in Kepulauan Riau. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the study analyses secondary data from the Kepulauan Riau Province Investment and One-Stop Service Agency for 2021–2025, supported by policy review and regional development analysis. The findings show that Batam consistently dominates provincial investment realisation, while Bintan and Karimun experience fluctuating growth and outer-island districts remain structurally marginal. The results also indicate that investment inequality is influenced by uneven connectivity, limited logistics infrastructure, weak investment promotion, insufficient downstream industries, and fragmented institutional coordination. The study concludes that equitable maritime-based investment requires a shift from a Batam-centred growth model toward a spatially inclusive development strategy through thematic economic zones, regional investment potential mapping, infrastructure acceleration, green investment, strengthened investment coordination, and local community integration into maritime value chains.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Maritime Investment
  topic: keywords
subject: Regional Equity
  topic: keywords
subject: Blue Economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Investment Policy
  topic: keywords
creator: Yeni Yustina
creator: Yustin Dhamayanti
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Yeni Yustina, Yustin Dhamayanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-25
publication date: 2026-04-25
starting page: 15
ending page: 28
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v3i1.8090

Smart Election Governance and Public Participation in Indonesia’s Electoral Process
type: item
description: Indonesia’s electoral process is increasingly influenced by digital transformation, public demand for transparency, and the need to strengthen democratic participation in a complex political and geographical setting. This article aims to examine the concept of smart election governance and its relationship with public participation in Indonesia’s electoral process. The study uses a qualitative research method with a literature-based approach by reviewing relevant academic sources, policy discussions, and conceptual studies related to electoral governance, digital administration, information integrity, and citizen engagement. The findings show that smart election governance is supported by five main dimensions: digital electoral administration, public participation, information integrity, ethical institutional coordination, and collaborative governance among election management bodies, government institutions, civil society, media, digital platforms, and citizens. Digital systems contribute to improving voter data management, logistics monitoring, electoral information access, complaint reporting, and result transparency. However, the study also finds that technological innovation must be accompanied by data protection, digital inclusion, institutional accountability, and civic literacy to prevent misinformation, unequal access, and declining public trust. The article concludes that smart election governance should not be understood merely as the adoption of technology in election management, but as an integrated democratic framework that connects digital innovation, institutional integrity, and active citizen participation. This framework is essential for strengthening transparency, public trust, democratic engagement, and electoral legitimacy in Indonesia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Smart Election
  topic: keywords
subject: Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Participation
  topic: keywords
subject: Electoral Integrity
  topic: keywords
creator: Erny Simatupang
creator: Ruth Dian Christiani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Erny Simatupang, Ruth Dian Christiani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-25
publication date: 2026-04-25
starting page: 1
ending page: 14
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v3i1.8089

Transforming Governance to Implementation Foreign Loan-Funded Activities in BMKG for Good Governance
type: item
description: Indonesia’s archipelagic geography makes maritime transport, fisheries, offshore works, and coastal livelihoods highly exposed to rapidly changing hydro-meteorological hazards, so marine meteorological services function as critical decision infrastructure rather than merely forecast products. This study examines the governance-to-implementation gap in BMKG’s Marine Meteorological System Phase II (MMS-2), a technology-intensive modernization program financed by an AFD external loan (€63.7 million) that experienced an extreme implementation lag of around 4.5–5 years, delaying service benefits and increasing fiscal exposure. Using a qualitative single-case design, the research relies on documentary evidence (planning/design artefacts, implementation records, and legal–procedural frameworks) to reconstruct the end-to-end implementation timeline, identify decision choke points, map causal chains through Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), and derive improvement options via the SOAR framework integrated with top-down/bottom-up implementation logics. Findings show the dominant bottleneck was low governance throughput slow, uncertain decision-making that stalled procurement and delivery driven by mutually reinforcing factors: early planning immaturity, regulatory deadlock between national procurement requirements (including TKDN/local content) and lender No Objection procedures, and legal shifts linked to the CFA amendment. Although acceleration emerged after the first drawdown (March 2025), persistent risks remained in fiscal data accountability and late-stage integration under a compressed catch-up corridor to 2028. The study concludes that a two-track “Agile Governance” strategy permanent cross-agency steering plus an autonomous joint task force with harmonized technical–procedural guidance and strengthened data integrity can accelerate delivery while preserving transparency and auditability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agile Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Procurement
  topic: keywords
subject: Policy implementation
  topic: keywords
creator: Yusuf Fadhoni
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yusuf Fadhoni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 186
ending page: 200
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v2i3.8002

Data and Technology Based Bureaucratic Governance Innovations: A Model for Strengthening Institutional Quality in Public Sector Reform in Indonesia
type: item
description: This study aims to examine the role of data-driven governance innovation in improving institutional quality in the Indonesian public sector. Specifically, the research analyzes the direct and indirect effects of technology, organizational capacity, and regulatory frameworks on institutional quality, with data-driven governance innovation positioned as a mediating variable. The study responds to the growing demand for evidence-based public administration amid digital bureaucracy reform and the implementation of e-government initiatives in Indonesia. The research employs a mixed-methods approach with a sequential explanatory design. Quantitative data were collected through a structured survey of civil servants across central and local government institutions that have implemented digital governance systems. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to test measurement validity, reliability, and structural relationships among variables. This quantitative phase was complemented by qualitative data obtained from in-depth interviews with key informants involved in digital governance, which were analyzed thematically to provide contextual explanations of the statistical findings. The results indicate that data-driven governance innovation has a positive and significant effect on institutional quality. Technology emerges as the most influential factor, exerting both direct and indirect effects through governance innovation. Organizational capacity shows a moderate but significant influence, while regulatory factors display a weak and inconsistent effect. These findings suggest that strengthening technological infrastructure and organizational capabilities is essential for enhancing institutional quality through data-driven governance in the public sector.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Data-Driven Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional Quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Bureaucracy
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Distian Andi Hermawan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Distian Andi Hermawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 171
ending page: 185
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v2i3.7964

Optimizing Policies for the Distribution of Social Assistance (BANSOS) and Direct Cash Transfers (BLT) to Ensure Targeting Accuracy and Improve Economic Welfare
type: item
description: Social Assistance (Bansos) and Direct Cash Transfers (BLT) constitute important instruments for poverty alleviation in Indonesia. However, their distribution often encounters targeting errors caused by inaccurate beneficiary data, nontransparent distribution processes, and potential program politicization. These targeting errors generate budgetary inefficiencies and undermine public confidence in the effectiveness of assistance. Consequently, policy reform of Bansos and BLT distribution assumes critical importance. This article aims to identify the primary obstacles in the distribution of Bansos and BLT and to formulate practical strategic policy solutions that enhance targeting accuracy and program effectiveness. The literature review further explores reform measures that can improve benefit distribution and promote more equitable improvements in community economic welfare. The research employs a literature-study approach to analyze policies, official reports, and relevant literature concerning Bansos and BLT distribution. The review covers regulatory frameworks, beneficiary data, and recommendations from academic and policy practitioners. The study recommends several key strategies, including updating beneficiary data using the National Identification Number (NIK); increasing transparency of distribution procedures; establishing independent oversight to prevent program politicization; strengthening digital infrastructure in frontier, outermost, and disadvantaged (3T) regions; implementing a responsive public complaints mechanism; and adopting multidimensional poverty indicators. Implementing the proposed strategic solutions should enhance the effectiveness of Bansos and BLT programs and thereby foster a more equitable and sustainable improvement in the economic welfare of target populations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Assistance (BANSOS)
  topic: keywords
subject: Direct Cash Transfers (BLT)
  topic: keywords
subject: Accurate Targeting
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Welfare
  topic: keywords
creator: Fiqi Restu Subekti
creator: Noni Kensiwi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fiqi Restu Subekti, Noni Kensiwi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 158
ending page: 170
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v2i3.7963

Strategic SWOT Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Management and Waste Bank System in Bandung City; Toward a Circular and Sustainable Urban Future
type: item
description: Bandung City faces escalating municipal solid waste challenges driven by rapid urban growth, consumption patterns, and limited treatment capacity. In response, waste banks (bank sampah) have emerged as community-based initiatives that promote recycling and waste segregation; however, their performance varies widely across districts due to institutional, financial, and technological constraints. This study aims to evaluate the strategic role of waste banks within Bandung’s municipal solid waste management system through a structured SWOT analysis. A descriptive qualitative approach was applied, utilizing secondary data from journal articles, government reports, and credible news sources published between 2015 and 2025. Findings reveal strong community participation, environmental awareness, and institutional support as core strengths, while weaknesses include inadequate infrastructure, inconsistent funding, and the absence of digital monitoring systems. Opportunities are found in circular economy policies, CSR-based partnerships, and technological innovations for data management. External threats include fluctuating recyclable prices, landfill capacity limitations, and policy instability. Based on these insights, strategic recommendations were formulated, including the integration of waste banks into formal municipal planning, digital platform adoption, standardized operating procedures, and cross-sector collaboration. The study concludes that waste banks hold significant potential to support Bandung’s transition toward a circular and sustainable urban waste-management model, provided that institutional strengthening and technological innovation are prioritized. This research serves as a practical reference for policymakers, academics, and community stakeholders in addressing urban waste challenges.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Waste Bank
  topic: keywords
subject: SWOT Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Circular Economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Urban Sustainability
  topic: keywords
creator: Rita Margaretha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rita Margaretha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-27
publication date: 2025-12-27
starting page: 146
ending page: 157
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v2i3.7962

Policy Direction for Strengthening Accountability and Transparency in the Management of Direct Grant Receipts at BMKG
type: item
description: The Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) increasingly relies on external grants both cash and in kind to strengthen early warning, forecasting, and service delivery, yet recurring administrative irregularities in grant receipt and management continue to generate audit exposure and weaken the reliability of institutional reporting. This study aims to examine why grant governance problems persist despite an established legal framework and organizational responsibility structure, and to identify policy options that can improve transparency, accountability, and rule-of-law compliance in BMKG’s grant governance. Methodologically, the research employs a qualitative, descriptive case-study approach with a policy and governance analysis orientation, drawing on a combination of document review (regulations, internal guidelines, and relevant administrative records) and stakeholder perspectives from organizational units involved in planning, finance, asset management, procurement, and internal oversight. Data were analyzed through thematic content analysis using good-governance principles as analytical benchmarks, complemented by a root-cause perspective and a SOAR-based evaluation to assess strengths, opportunities, aspirations, and results for reform implementation. The findings show that the most critical gaps are not merely normative but operational: fragmented workflows, delayed and uneven reporting practices, limited procedural literacy among implementers, and weak enforcement mechanisms often compounded by non-integrated systems and manual workarounds that reduce traceability and undermine documentation quality. The study further finds that isolated interventions are insufficient; improvements in socialization alone will not sustain compliance without standardized operational guidance and enforceable accountability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Grant Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Good Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Accountability
  topic: keywords
subject: SOP Compliance
  topic: keywords
creator: Syafridawati Syafridawati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Syafridawati Syafridawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-27
publication date: 2025-12-27
starting page: 130
ending page: 145
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v2i3.7924

Implementation of the TPKS Law In DIY From the Perspective of Policy Network Theory
type: item
description: The increasing prevalence of sexual violence in Indonesia has posed a major governance challenge, prompting the enactment of Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Sexual Violence Crimes (TPKS Law). Despite this progressive legal framework, its implementation at the local level, particularly in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY), remains fraught with structural, institutional, and socio‐cultural obstacles. This study aims to analyze how the TPKS Law is implemented within the context of multi‐actor collaboration by employing Policy Network Theory as an analytical lens. The research seeks to identify key actors, map their relationships, and evaluate how coordination mechanisms influence policy outcomes. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the study draws upon secondary data sources, including government reports, academic publications, and NGO documentation, which were analyzed through content and thematic analysis. The findings reveal that the effectiveness of the TPKS Law depends largely on the strength of horizontal coordination among actors such as the Yogyakarta Regional Police, DP3AP2 DIY, NGOs like and local communities. While legal institutions provide authority and structure, NGOs contribute trust and community engagement, creating a complementary but asymmetrical network. The study concludes that successful implementation of the TPKS Law in Yogyakarta requires adaptive governance practices characterized by continuous learning, inter‐agency collaboration, and community participation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: TPKS Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Policy Implementation
  topic: keywords
subject: Policy Network Theory
  topic: keywords
creator: Zahmil Husein
creator: Rangga Rangga
creator: Kevin Andika Putra
creator: Muhammad Padillah
creator: Muhammad Nabiel Azirah Djou
creator: Gea Ananda Putri Septiyanti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zahmil Husein, Rangga Rangga, Kevin Andika Putra, Muhammad Padillah, Muhammad Nabiel Azirah Djou, Gea Ananda Putri Septiyanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 93
ending page: 106
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v2i2.7758

Top-Down Implementation of the Job Creation Law: Reforming Environmental Impact Assessment Policy and Implications for Environmental Governance in Indonesia
type: item
description: Indonesia’s Job Creation Law (Law No. 11 of 2020) represents a major reform in national environmental governance aimed at streamlining bureaucracy and accelerating investment; however, it has simultaneously raised concerns about ecological accountability and public participation. This study examines how the top-down implementation of the law has reshaped Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedures and the broader structure of environmental governance. The research aims to analyze the implications of bureaucratic simplification, centralization of authority, and restricted public engagement for sustainable policymaking. Employing a qualitative descriptive-analytical approach, the study collected data from legal documents, policy briefs, and interviews with governmental and civil society actors to explore institutional dynamics across central and regional levels. Findings indicate that while risk-based licensing and the Online Single Submission (OSS) system have improved efficiency and coherence in licensing processes, they have concurrently weakened preventive oversight, diminished local autonomy, and curtailed participatory mechanisms. The centralization of decision-making has standardized procedures but reduced flexibility and contextual responsiveness, leading to governance gaps between policy design and local execution. Moreover, the narrowing of public involvement in EIA processes has eroded transparency and legitimacy, undermining the principles of democratic environmental governance. The study concludes that the effectiveness of top-down implementation remains contingent upon institutional capacity, intergovernmental coordination, and inclusivity. It recommends adopting a hybrid governance model that combines hierarchical efficiency with participatory accountability to ensure that economic reform aligns with ecological sustainability and social legitimacy in Indonesia’s environmental policy landscape
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Job Creation Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Top-Down
  topic: keywords
subject: Implementation
  topic: keywords
creator: Sofi Ayyasi
creator: Nur Syofi Shahirah
creator: Ni Luh Viya Anggun Cahyani
creator: Briean Sandika Arjuna
creator: Agatha Cristy Siregar
creator: Inggrid Sisilia Lumban Raja
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sofi Ayyasi, Nur Syofi Shahirah, Ni Luh Viya Anggun Cahyani, Briean Sandika Arjuna, Agatha Cristy Siregar, Inggrid Sisilia Lumban Raja https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 107
ending page: 117
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v2i2.7754

Bounded Rationality in Energy Policy: Analyzing the Ban on Retail Sales of Subsidized 3-Kilogram LPG in Indonesia
type: item
description: The prohibition of retail sales of subsidized 3-kilogram Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) in Indonesia represents the government’s effort to improve subsidy distribution efficiency and prevent misuse by non-eligible consumers. However, this study argues that the formulation and implementation of the policy reflect the phenomenon of bounded rationality in public decision-making. The purpose of this research is to analyze how cognitive, informational, and temporal limitations affected the design and execution of the policy, resulting in deviations from its intended objectives. Using a qualitative descriptive approach and literature review method, this study examines secondary data from academic journals, official reports, and credible media sources to understand the dynamics of policy implementation. The findings reveal that the policy, while aiming to ensure accuracy in subsidy targeting, inadvertently restricted access for low-income households and small traders, leading to economic strain and the emergence of black markets. Weak data verification, limited public communication, and poor monitoring further exacerbated implementation challenges. Viewed through the lens of bounded rationality, policymakers acted under fiscal and political pressure, opting for “satisficing” solutions instead of optimal decisions. The study concludes that future energy subsidy reforms must integrate digital data systems, enhance beneficiary verification, and strengthen participatory oversight to minimize irrational policy outcomes and ensure equitable energy access for vulnerable communities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ounded Rationality
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: LPG Subsidy
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Sonia Trifosa Siahaan
creator: Gege Laudie
creator: Angel Icha Leony Siringo-ringo
creator: Diva Nayla Salsabila
creator: Bintang Aryanisah
creator: Fawwaz Ghufran
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sonia Trifosa Siahaan, Gege Laudie, Angel Icha Leony Siringo-ringo, Diva Nayla Salsabila, Bintang Aryanisah, Fawwaz Ghufran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 118
ending page: 129
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v2i2.7744

Implementation of the Job Creation Law: Severance Pay from the Perspective of Pressman and Wildavsky's Theory
type: item
description: This study examines the bureaucratic dynamics underlying the implementation of severance pay regulations under Indonesia’s Job Creation Law (Law No. 11 of 2020). The reform, designed to streamline labor policies and enhance flexibility, has raised significant debates concerning workers’ protection and the government’s administrative readiness. The research aims to analyze how bureaucratic communication, institutional capacity, and inter-agency coordination affect the effectiveness of the Job Loss Guarantee (Jaminan Kehilangan Pekerjaan or JKP) scheme. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through semi-structured interviews, document analysis, and observation of coordination meetings involving officials from the Ministry of Manpower, BPJS Ketenagakerjaan, regional labor offices, and labor unions. Thematic analysis based on Pressman and Wildavsky’s (1973) policy implementation model was applied to assess communication flows, resource adequacy, and structural mechanisms. The findings reveal that fragmented communication, uneven institutional capacity, and weak coordination have hindered consistent policy implementation across regions. Insufficient digital infrastructure and inadequate policy socialization further reduced administrative efficiency and worker awareness. The study concludes that effective reform requires integrated digital communication systems, continuous capacity building, and participatory coordination frameworks. Strengthening bureaucratic communication and institutional readiness is essential for translating the regulatory intent of the Job Creation Law into tangible improvements in worker protection and welfare.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bureaucratic Communication
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional Capacity
  topic: keywords
subject: Job Creation Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Policy Implementation
  topic: keywords
creator: Deva Garcia Katanging
creator: Nabila Nabila
creator: Siska Aulia Putri
creator: Merry Viona
creator: Lina Sahida BR Sinaga
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Deva Garcia Katanging, Nabila Nabila, Siska Aulia Putri, Merry Viona, Lina Sahida BR Sinaga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 79
ending page: 92
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v2i2.7743

Policy Implementation in Resource-Scarce Political Environments: Applying Peter S. Cleaves’ Framework to Indonesia’s National Health Insurance (JKN)
type: item
description: The National Health Insurance (JKN) program represents Indonesia’s core strategy toward achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC), yet its implementation continues to face persistent structural, financial, and political challenges. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of JKN implementation using Peter S. Cleaves’ framework, which emphasizes four interrelated dimensions scarcity, apathy, political power, and policy problematique to explain how limited resources, weak public participation, and political dynamics shape policy outcomes. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach through a literature review method, this research synthesizes findings from policy documents, academic studies, and institutional reports relevant to JKN implementation. The results reveal that scarcity is reflected in uneven healthcare infrastructure and financial deficits, apathy arises from low public engagement and bureaucratic rigidity, and political power influences decision-making processes that prioritize short-term populism over long-term sustainability. The study also identifies policy problematiques in the form of complex administrative systems and coordination inefficiencies between healthcare levels. These interrelated factors create implementation gaps that limit the achievement of equitable and effective health services. By situating these findings within Cleaves’ theoretical model, the study contributes to refining the understanding of policy implementation in developing contexts, emphasizing that technological innovation and participatory communication can mitigate structural and political constraints. The research concludes that enhancing institutional capacity, fostering citizen participation, and promoting digital inclusivity are key strategies for improving equity, responsiveness, and sustainability in Indonesia’s national health insurance system.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: National Health Insurance, Policy Implementation, Peter S. Cleaves, Apathy, Scarcity, Political Power, Policy Problematique.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nada Aiyskamila Ramadani
creator: Gloria Yemima Simanjuntak
creator: Dewi Nopika Putri
creator: Lulu Marisa Lumban Tobing
creator: Maya Yulika
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nada Aiyskamila Ramadani, Gloria Yemima Simanjuntak, Dewi Nopika Putri, Lulu Marisa Lumban Tobing, Maya Yulika https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 66
ending page: 78
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v2i2.7738

Governance Community Empowerment Through the EMAK.ID Waste Bank Program in Bandar Lampung City
type: item
description: Waste management is one of the most urgent environmental problems in Indonesia, especially in urban centers like Bandar Lampung City, where waste generation has risen to over 870 tons per day, putting pressure on landfills and creating serious environmental and health risks. Conventional disposal approaches have proven insufficient, prompting the introduction of the Emak.ID Waste Bank program as a community-based solution that combines waste reduction with empowerment. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the program fosters empowerment across four key dimensions Awakening, Understanding, Harnessing, and Using—while assessing its role in strengthening community participation in sustainable waste management. This research employed a qualitative descriptive design, using in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis centered on the Gunter community group, which has successfully practiced independent weighing since late 2022. The findings show that the program improved waste segregation, enhanced environmental literacy, and provided modest financial incentives from recyclables, while also fostering social cohesion through regular training and collective weighing activities. However, participation remains inconsistent due to low environmental literacy, competing daily priorities, and limited economic returns. Despite these challenges, the Emak.ID model demonstrates how waste banks can operate not only as environmental interventions but also as platforms for community empowerment and micro-entrepreneurship. The study concludes that for long-term sustainability, waste bank initiatives require stronger integration of educational, economic, and institutional support. This case highlights the potential of participatory waste governance as a replicable model for advancing sustainable urban development and circular economy practices in Indonesia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Waste Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Community Empowerment
  topic: keywords
subject: Community Participation
  topic: keywords
creator: Aditiya Irawansyah
creator: Ani Agus Puspawati
creator: Ita Prihantika
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Aditiya Irawansyah, Ani Agus Puspawati, Ita Prihantika https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-04-30
publication date: 2025-04-30
starting page: 56
ending page: 65
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v2i1.7472

Analysis of Gas Station Queue System; Case Study Gas Station 13.201.101 on Jalan Jamin Ginting, Medan Baru District, Medan City
type: item
description: Public Fuel Filling Stations (SPBU) are essential facilities that support transportation by ensuring the availability of fuel for motorized vehicles. However, long queues, particularly during peak hours, often cause traffic congestion, wasted time, and reduced customer satisfaction. These inefficiencies are generally linked to limited service capacity and uneven workload distribution among fuel pumps. This study aims to analyze the queuing system at Gas Station 13.201.101, Jalan Jamin Ginting, Medan, using the M/M/s queuing model and simulation with Arena software. Data were collected through direct observation of vehicle arrivals and service times for motorcycles and cars. Statistical tests, including chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov, were applied to determine the best fit for inter-arrival and service time distributions, which followed exponential and beta distributions, respectively. The results indicate that motorcycles had an average inter-arrival time of 3.8 minutes and a service time of 3.3 minutes, while cars averaged 5.5 minutes between arrivals with 5.9 minutes of service. The theoretical M/M/s analysis showed relatively efficient performance, with less than one minute of waiting time and pump utilization ranging between 32% and 70%. In contrast, Arena simulation reflected real operational conditions more accurately, showing no waiting lines but revealing uneven distribution of workload among pumps, with some exceeding 70% utilization while others remained low. These findings highlight that while the system is generally efficient, improvements in vehicle routing and pump allocation are necessary. Recommendations include optimizing station layout, operator training, and adopting automated distribution systems to enhance efficiency and customer satisfaction.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Queuing System
  topic: keywords
subject: Arena Simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Service Performance
  topic: keywords
creator: Johana Purba
creator: Roberta Simarmata
creator: Mayono Suko Marbinoto
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Johana Purba, Roberta Simarmata, Mayono Suko Marbinoto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-04-30
publication date: 2025-04-30
starting page: 42
ending page: 55
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v2i1.7434

Bibliometric Study of Bureaucratic Culture, Leadership, and Educational Psychology in ASEAN (2010–2024)
type: item
description: This study offers a thorough bibliometric examination of scholarly articles concerning bureaucratic culture, leadership, and educational psychology in the ASEAN area from 2010 to 2024. The study examines the necessity for a comprehensive comprehension of the intellectual framework and knowledge architecture in various interrelated domains within the Southeast Asian educational milieu. This work employed a quantitative bibliometric methodology to systematically examine scientific output from several databases, including Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The methodology utilized performance analysis, scientific mapping, and visualization tools such as Three-Field Plot, Reference Publication Year Spectroscopy (RPYS), theme mapping, and keyword co-occurrence network analysis. The findings indicate notable trends in research development, demonstrating that the literature is predominantly shaped by Western theoretical frameworks, especially from the United States, with few contributions from ASEAN nations despite the regional emphasis. The study highlighted fundamental themes including organizational culture, human behavior, and psychological components, while emergent subjects such as wellness, empowerment, and organizational justice signify current research trajectories. The study illustrates a transition from individualistic methods to a more systemic and contextual comprehension of psychological dynamics inside educational organizations. These findings offer significant insights for researchers, policymakers, and educational practitioners in ASEAN nations, emphasizing opportunities for enhanced regional collaboration and the incorporation of local cultural perspectives into global academic discussions on educational leadership and organizational psychology.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bureaucratic
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Leadership
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Psychology
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Hisyam Syafii
creator: Rudyn Aladaya
creator: Nurlaela Hamidah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Hisyam Syafii, Rudyn Aladaya, Nurlaela Hamidah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-04-30
publication date: 2025-04-30
starting page: 26
ending page: 41
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v2i1.7431

Direct Regional Head Elections and Excessive Corruption Loopholes
type: item
description: Corruption remains one of the most pressing challenges undermining democracy, governance, and public trust in Indonesia, particularly following the implementation of decentralization and regional autonomy. While regional autonomy was intended to bring prosperity and equal development, in practice it has often facilitated the spread of corrupt practices from central government to regional administrations. The issue has become more acute with the implementation of direct regional head elections (pilkada), which, though designed to strengthen democratic participation, have created significant financial and political pressures on candidates, often resulting in the misuse of state budgets and the normalization of money politics. This study aims to examine the relationship between direct regional elections and the proliferation of corruption loopholes, highlighting how electoral mechanisms inadvertently encourage corrupt behavior. The research employs a descriptive explorative method, relying on secondary data from scholarly works, official documents, and prior research, and analyzing them through qualitative descriptive analysis to uncover patterns and systemic weaknesses. The findings indicate that direct elections, while enhancing political legitimacy, also generate high financial demands that compel candidates to seek external funding, leading to post-election corruption through budget manipulation, project markups, politicization of social assistance, and collusion between bureaucrats, legislatures, and political investors. Moreover, the system often fails to ensure accountability, as legislative oversight is weak and public mechanisms for monitoring leaders remain limited. The study concludes that although direct elections provide opportunities for citizen participation, they also institutionalize structural vulnerabilities that sustain corruption. This paradox underscores the need for reforms in electoral financing, stricter accountability mechanisms, and stronger …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Decentralization
  topic: keywords
subject: Corruption
  topic: keywords
subject: Regional Autonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Direct Regional Elections
  topic: keywords
creator: Endro Tri Susdarwono
creator: Surahmadi Surahmadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Endro Tri Susdarwono, Surahmadi Surahmadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-21
publication date: 2025-08-21
starting page: 13
ending page: 25
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v2i1.7430

Ethics of Artificial Intelligence Usage in the Judiciary to Uphold Efficiency and Justice
type: item
description: The adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the judiciary has sparked significant interest due to its potential to enhance efficiency and accuracy in legal processes. However, this advancement also brings ethical concerns that demand careful attention. This paper examines key ethical issues surrounding AI usage in judicial systems, including the risks of algorithmic bias, the lack of transparency in decision-making processes, and the possible erosion of human judgment. It highlights the importance of maintaining accountability and fairness while integrating AI tools to support, not replace, the role of judges. Using real-world examples and analyzing existing legal frameworks, the discussion emphasizes the need to align AI innovation with the fundamental principles of justice and human rights. The findings of this paper aim to provide practical insights for legal professionals, policymakers, and AI developers to establish ethical guidelines that ensure AI contributes to a fair and equitable judiciary. Balancing efficiency with justice remains the central goal of this exploration.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethics
  topic: keywords
subject: Fairness
  topic: keywords
subject: Judiciary
  topic: keywords
creator: Tri Suhendra Arbani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tri Suhendra Arbani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-21
publication date: 2025-08-21
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v2i1.7425

SWOT Analysis in Performance Accountability of the Yogyakarta City Human Resources Development and Personnel Agency
type: item
description: The increasing demand for effective governance in public sector institutions necessitates high standards of performance accountability. In this context, the Human Resources Development and Personnel Agency (BKPSDM) of Yogyakarta City plays a crucial role in ensuring the effectiveness and efficiency of civil service management. This study was initiated to examine the performance accountability of BKPSDM Yogyakarta City through a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis, aiming to provide strategic insights for enhancing institutional performance. The primary objective of this research is to identify internal and external factors influencing the performance accountability of the agency and to formulate strategic recommendations based on these findings. The study employed a qualitative-descriptive approach, using documentation methods and SWOT analysis techniques to evaluate the agency’s internal capabilities and external environment. Data were sourced from the agency’s 2024 Government Agency Performance Accountability Report (LAKIP), complemented by policy documents and strategic plans. The findings highlight several strengths, including structured performance planning and consistent implementation of human resource development programs. However, weaknesses were identified, such as suboptimal coordination across units and limited innovation in service delivery. Externally, the agency has opportunities stemming from regulatory support and digital transformation trends, but also faces threats such as budgetary constraints and rapidly changing policy demands. In conclusion, the SWOT analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the agency’s performance accountability landscape. The results can guide strategic decision-making and the formulation of performance improvement initiatives, contributing to the agency’s long-term effectiveness and public service quality.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: SWOT
  topic: keywords
subject: Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Resources
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahadiansar Mahadiansar
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Mahadiansar Mahadiansar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 48
ending page: 59
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v1i1.7353

PESTLE Analysis of the Free Nutritious Meal Program Policy in Indonesia
type: item
description: Free Nutritious Meal Program (FNMP) in Indonesia, introduced as a national initiative to combat malnutrition and improve student health outcomes, reflects a significant policy intervention within the country's broader education and health agendas. This study applies a PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental) analysis to critically evaluate the policy’s macro-environmental context, aiming to identify enabling and constraining factors that influence its implementation and sustainability. The primary objective is to investigate how external forces impact the effectiveness and scalability of the FNMP, particularly in diverse socio-economic and geographic regions of Indonesia. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study synthesizes policy documents, governmental reports, media sources, and relevant academic literature published between 2025. Data were coded thematically based on the six PESTLE dimensions to capture complex interdependencies affecting the policy’s rollout. The findings reveal that strong Political will and presidential backing significantly propel the program’s legitimacy and funding, while Economic challenges, such as inflation and budget reallocation, pose sustainability risks. Social, the program is well-received, especially in underprivileged areas, though disparities in community engagement remain. Technological limitations in food distribution logistics and monitoring systems are key operational barriers. Legal, the lack of binding regulatory frameworks weakens enforcement, and Environmentally, issues related to food waste and sustainable sourcing are under-addressed. In conclusion, while the FNMP holds considerable potential for improving child nutrition and educational outcomes, its long-term success depends on multi-sectoral collaboration, robust policy enforcement, and adaptive strategies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: PESTLE
  topic: keywords
subject: Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Free Nutritious Meal
  topic: keywords
creator: Marnia Marnia
creator: Lydia Agustini
creator: Dedek Hardianti
creator: Palentin Enjelika Turnip
creator: Fridayanti Waruwu
creator: Agung Dewana Firda
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Marnia Marnia, Lydia Agustini, Dedek Hardianti, Palentin Enjelika Turnip, Fridayanti Waruwu, Agung Dewana Firda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 37
ending page: 47
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v1i1.7156

Stakeholder Analysis Waste Management in Tanjungpinang City
type: item
description: Solid waste management in urban areas has become a pressing environmental and governance issue, particularly in rapidly developing secondary cities such as Tanjungpinang, Indonesia. Despite the existence of regulatory frameworks like Regional Regulation No. 3 of 2015, the city's waste management system remains underdeveloped, marked by inefficient collection services, inadequate infrastructure, and limited public participation. This study aims to examine the stakeholder landscape in Tanjungpinang’s waste governance to identify institutional gaps, coordination challenges, and opportunities for improved collaboration. The research employs a qualitative and interpretive methodology, combining document analysis and stakeholder mapping using Eskerod & Jepsen’s influence-interest matrix and the Friedman and Miles stakeholder salience framework. Findings indicate that the Department of Environment (DLH) holds the highest level of authority but often lacks the urgency and resources needed for effective intervention. Meanwhile, actors with high urgency, such as informal waste workers and local communities, lack legitimacy and power, leading to their exclusion from formal governance processes. The stakeholder network is characterized by low mutuality and fragmented relationships, particularly between state and non-state actors. Waste banks and NGOs operate with limited support despite their significant roles in community outreach and recycling initiatives. The study concludes that sustainable urban waste management in Tanjungpinang requires inclusive governance reforms that build institutional capacity, strengthen stakeholder interdependence, and integrate informal actors into formal waste systems. These findings offer practical insights for enhancing stakeholder engagement and aligning local waste policies with Sustainable Development Goal 11 on sustainable cities and communities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Stakeholder Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Waste
  topic: keywords
subject: Management
  topic: keywords
creator: Permata Pebester Natalia Hutahaean
creator: Damayanti Simangunsong
creator: Elisa Mardiyanti
creator: Auliana Okta
creator: Indah Puji Lestari
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Permata Pebester Natalia Hutahaean, Damayanti Simangunsong, Elisa Mardiyanti, Auliana Okta, Indah Puji Lestari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 25
ending page: 36
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v1i1.7139

Bureaucratic Reform and Economic Growth: The Case of Bintan Regency's Development Strategy
type: item
description: Bureaucratic reform is a critical driver of economic growth, especially in decentralized regions where local governance quality directly affects development outcomes. This study investigates the impact of bureaucratic reform on the economic performance of Bintan Regency, Indonesia. Using a qualitative case study approach that includes document analysis and systematic literature review, the research explores how administrative modernization contributes to improved service delivery, investment facilitation, and institutional efficiency. Findings reveal that reform initiatives particularly digital licensing systems, streamlined bureaucratic processes, and enhanced inter-agency coordination have significantly supported economic growth. In 2023, Bintan recorded a 6.14% GRDP growth, with the manufacturing sector contributing 40.25% and capital formation accounting for 59.99% of the growth from the expenditure side. These outcomes align with meta-analytic evidence that highlights the positive effects of bureaucratic transparency and performance-based governance on regional development. However, challenges such as political clientelism and institutional fragmentation remain barriers to sustained reform. The study concludes that while Bintan's reforms have yielded tangible economic benefits, long-term success depends on embedding reform into legal and operational structures, ensuring resilience against political disruptions. This case provides practical insights for policymakers seeking to align governance innovation with inclusive economic development. The research highlights the importance of adaptive bureaucratic structures in achieving inclusive economic growth, suggesting that Bintan’s experience can serve as a model for other regions facing similar governance challenges.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bureaucratic Reform
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Growth
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Service Efficiency
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibaniyah Ibaniyah
creator: Irma Metyana
creator: Ranti Marshanda Sintiana
creator: Sri Kesuma Dewi
creator: Syafiq Ramadan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 baniyah Ibaniyah, Irma Metyana, Ranti Marshanda Sintiana, Sri Kesuma Dewi, Syafiq Ramadan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 13
ending page: 24
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v1i1.7133

Optimizing Marine Governance in the Kepulauan Riau for Ecosystem Sustainability and Economic Welfare
type: item
description: Kepulauan Riau, an Indonesian province rich in marine resources, faces significant challenges in managing its coastal ecosystems and sustainable economic development. Despite the region's vast marine potential, including fisheries, tourism, and natural gas reserves, issues such as illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, marine pollution, and ecosystem degradation threaten its sustainability. This study aims to explore the optimization of marine governance in Kepulauan Riau, focusing on balancing ecosystem protection with economic welfare for coastal communities. A qualitative approach was employed, utilizing a literature review of scientific articles, government reports, NGO publications, and books related to marine governance and sustainable resource management. The findings highlight the need for stronger law enforcement, enhanced community participation, and the development of marine ecotourism and aquaculture as sustainable alternatives. The study also emphasizes the importance of integrating digital technologies for better fisheries management and monitoring. In conclusion, optimizing marine governance in Kepulauan Riau requires a holistic approach that incorporates community involvement, technological innovation, and policy reforms to ensure long-term sustainability and improve economic welfare for local populations. Effective governance will not only safeguard marine ecosystems but also drive inclusive economic growth in the region.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Marine Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Ecosystem Sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Welfare
  topic: keywords
creator: Hena Salsabila Putri
creator: Fahriana Nur Anita
creator: Nelinia Aulija
creator: Dinda Amalia
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Hena Salsabila Putri, Fahriana Nur Anita, Nelinia Aulija, Dinda Amalia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.31629/jgbr.v1i1.7132